Cited by 361Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsInflammasome and immune disordersPhagocytosis and Immune Regulation

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Factors regulating microglia activation

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Kierdorf, Katrin, Prinz, Marco·2013·Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience

DOI 10.3389/fncel.2013.00044PMC PMC3632747

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Abstract

Microglia are resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) that display high functional similarities to other tissue macrophages. However, it is especially important to create and maintain an intact tissue homeostasis to support the neuronal cells, which are very sensitive even to minor changes in their environment. The transition from the "resting" but surveying microglial phenotype to an activated stage is tightly regulated by several intrinsic (e.g., Runx-1, Irf8, and Pu.1) and extrinsic factors (e.g., CD200, CX3CR1, and TREM2). Under physiological conditions, minor changes of those factors are sufficient to cause fatal dysregulation of microglial cell homeostasis and result in severe CNS pathologies. In this review, we discuss recent achievements that gave new insights into mechanisms that ensure microglia quiescence.

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FIGURE 1 Exogenous signals and their receptors on microglia. Microglia are equipped with a group of surface receptors which trigger signals in microglia under “resting” conditions. Many of these signals are ligands which are released or expressed on the surface of neurons. Inhibitory receptors like CX3CR1, CD200R, and CD172a/Sirp alpha have their ligands on the surface of healthy neurons. A loss of the signal also indicates a loss of neuronal integrity. Receptors such as TREM2 and purinergic receptors are essential to mimic neuronal injury and induce phagocytotic and anti-inflammatory functions in microglia. The crosstalk between microglia and neurons is also important for the survival of microglia. Neurons release factors like IL-34 and Csf1 which bind to Csf1r on the surface of microglia and induce cell survival or proliferation.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Authors: Kierdorf, K., & Prinz, M.
Affiliations: University of Freiburg (DE)
Corresponding author: Prinz, Marco
ORCID: Kierdorf, Katrin
Prinz, Marco
Venue: Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Published: 2013
Volume: 7
Pages: 44-44
ISSN: 1662-5102 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00044
PMC: PMC3632747
OpenAlex: W2149538964
Cited by: 360
References: 83
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 7
FWCI: 17.17
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (PR 577/8-2)
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (PR 577/8-2)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Phagocytosis and Immune Regulation
Keywords: microglial activation, microglial homeostasis, central nervous system, IRF8, PU.1, CD200, CX3CR1, TREM2, neuroinflammation, CNS pathology

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