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Impaired astrocytic synaptic function by peripheral cholesterol metabolite 27-hydroxycholesterol

Spanos, Fokion, Gerenu, Gorka, Goikolea, Julen, Latorre-Leal, María, Balleza-Tapia, Hugo, Gomez, Karen, Álvarez-Jiménez, Laura, Piras, Antonio, Gómez-Galán, Marta, Fisahn, André, Cedazo-Minguez, Angel, Maioli, Silvia, Loera-Valencia, Raúl·2024·Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
DOI 10.3389/fncel.2024.1347535PMC PMC11034371
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Abstract

Astrocytes represent the most abundant cell type in the brain, where they play critical roles in synaptic transmission, cognition, and behavior. Recent discoveries show astrocytes are involved in synaptic dysfunction during Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD patients have imbalanced cholesterol metabolism, demonstrated by high levels of side-chain oxidized cholesterol known as 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OH). Evidence from our laboratory has shown that elevated 27-OH can abolish synaptic connectivity during neuromaturation, but its effect on astrocyte function is currently unclear. Our results suggest that elevated 27-OH decreases the astrocyte function in vivo in Cyp27Tg, a mouse model of brain oxysterol imbalance. Here, we report a downregulation of glutamate transporters in the hippocampus of CYP27Tg mice together with increased GFAP. GLT-1 downregulation was also observed when WT mice were fed with high-cholesterol diets. To study the relationship between astrocytes and neurons, we have developed a 3D co-culture system that allows all the cell types from mice embryos to differentiate in vitro. We report that our 3D co-cultures reproduce the effects of 27-OH observed in 2D neurons and in vivo. Moreover, we found novel degenerative effects in astrocytes that do not appear in 2D cultures, together with the downregulation of glutamate transporters GLT-1 and GLAST. We propose that this transporter dysregulation leads to neuronal hyperexcitability and synaptic dysfunction based on the effects of 27-OH on astrocytes. Taken together, these results report a new mechanism linking oxysterol imbalance in the brain and synaptic dysfunction through effects on astrocyte function.

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Metadata

Authors
Spanos, F., Gerenu, G., Goikolea, J., Latorre-Leal, M., Balleza-Tapia, H., Gomez, K., Álvarez-Jiménez, L., Piras, A., Gómez-Galán, M., Fisahn, A., Cedazo-Minguez, A., Maioli, S., & Loera-Valencia, R.
Venue
Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2024-04-08
Volume
18
ISSN
1662-5102
DOI
10.3389/fncel.2024.1347535
PMC
PMC11034371
Cited by
10
References
4
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)

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