Deficient glutamate tranport is associated with neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease
Abstract
The mechanisms of synapse damage in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are not fully understood. Deficient functioning of glutamate transporters might be involved in synaptic pathology and neurodegeneration by failing to clear excess glutamate at the synaptic cleft. In AD, glutamate transporter activity as assessed by D-[3H]aspartate binding is decreased; however, it is not clear to what extent it is associated with the neurodegenerative process and cognitive alterations. For this purpose, levels of D- and L-[3H]aspartate binding in midfrontal cortex were correlated with synaptophysin levels, brain spectrin degradation product levels, and clinical and neuropathological indicators of AD. Compared to control brains, AD brains displayed a 34% decrease in levels of D-[3H]aspartate binding, a 30% decrease in L-[3H]aspartate binding, and a 48% loss of synaptophysin immunoreactivity. Increased levels of brain spectrin degradation products correlated with a decrease in levels of D-[3H] and L-[3H]aspartate binding, and decreased levels of synaptophysin immunoreactivity. Levels of L-[3H]aspartate binding correlated with levels of synaptophysin immunoreactivity. These results suggest that decreased glutamate transporter activity in AD is associated with increased excitotoxicity and neurodegeneration, supporting the possibility that abnormal functioning of this system might be involved in the pathogenesis of synaptic damage in AD.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Glutamine is produced from glutamate by the activity of glutamine synthetase (GS).
“Glutamine is produced from glutamate by the activity of glutamine synthetase (GS) [124,131].”
From Mitochondrial Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress and Alzheimer Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [131]
GLT-1 activity is decreased in AD brain, likely due to oxidative modification by HNE.
“but its activity is decreased in AD brain, which is likely due to oxidative modification by HNE [26,131].”
From Mitochondrial Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress and Alzheimer Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [131]
The glial glutamate transporter GLT-1 (EAAT2) is responsible for the uptake of synaptic glutamate.
“The glial glutamate transporter (GLT-1), also known as the excitatory amino acid transporter-2 (EAAT2), is responsible for the uptake of synaptic glutamate”
From Mitochondrial Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress and Alzheimer Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [131]
Loss or dysfunction of SLC1A2 has been implicated in multiple neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders, including AD where it is closely associated with cognitive decline.
“Loss or dysfunction of SLC1A2 has been implicated in multiple neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders, including AD where it is closely associated with cognitive decline [126–131].”
From Tau Ablation Rewires Brain Cell Programs in Health and Restores Function in Disease (2026) · cites this paper as [129]
EAAT2 expression diminishes with age and correlates with signs of neuronal death in postmortem brains of sporadic AD patients.
“EAAT2 expression diminishes with age60 and correlates with signs of neuronal death in postmortem brains of sporadic AD patients61.”
From The R136S mutation in the APOE3 gene confers resilience against tau pathology via inhibition of the cGAS-STING-IFN pathway (2025) · cites this paper as [61]
In postmortem brains of patients with sporadic AD, EAAT2 expression correlates with signs of neuronal death.
“in postmortem brains of patients with sporadic AD correlates with signs of neuronal death56”
From <i>APOE3</i> - <i>R136S</i> mutation confers resilience against tau pathology via cGAS-STING-IFN inhibition (2024) · cites this paper as [56]
Cites
PROTEIN MEASUREMENT WITH THE FOLIN PHENOL REAGENT
Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N., Farr, A. L., & Randall, R. (1951) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)52451-6 · Cited by 315,771 · see citing works
Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes.
Braak, H., & Braak, E. (1991) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00308809 · Cited by 16,123 · see citing works
LIGAND: A versatile computerized approach for characterization of ligand-binding systems
Munson, P. J., & Rodbard, D. (1980) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0003-2697(80)90515-1 · Cited by 8,494 · see citing works
Goate, A., Chartier-Harlin, M.-C., Mullan, M., Brown, J., Crawford, F., Fidani, L., Giuffra, L., Haynes, A., Irving, N., James, L., et al. (1991) · Nature · doi:10.1038/349704a0 · Cited by 4,659 · see citing works
Terry, R. D., Masliah, E., Salmon, D. P., Butters, N., DeTeresa, R., Hill, R., Hansen, L. A., & Katzman, R. (1991) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410300410 · Cited by 4,397 · see citing works
Neurofibrillary tangles but not senile plaques parallel duration and severity of Alzheimer's disease
Arriagada, P. V., Growdon, J. H., Hedley-Whyte, E. T., & Hyman, B. T. (1992) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.42.3.631 · Cited by 2,668 · see citing works
Alzheimer-type neuropathology in transgenic mice overexpressing V717F β-amyloid precursor protein
Games, D., Adams, D., Alessandrini, R., Barbour, R., Borthelette, P., Blackwell, C., Carr, T., Clemens, J., Donaldson, T., Gillespie, F., et al. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/373523a0 · Cited by 2,516 · see citing works
Synapse loss in frontal cortex biopsies in Alzheimer's disease: Correlation with cognitive severity
DeKosky, S. T., & Scheff, S. W. (1990) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410270502 · Cited by 2,376 · see citing works
Ionic dependence of glutamate neurotoxicity
Choi, D. W. (1987) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.07-02-00369.1987 · Cited by 1,854 · see citing works
Localization of neuronal and glial glutamate transporters
Rothstein, J. D., Martin, L. J., Levey, A. I., Dykes‐Hoberg, M., Jin, L., Wu, D. M., Nash, N. R., & Kuncl, R. W. (1994) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/0896-6273(94)90038-8 · Cited by 1,703 · see citing works
Selective loss of glial glutamate transporter GLT‐1 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Rothstein, J. D., Van Kammen, M., Levey, A. I., Martin, L. J., & Kuncl, R. W. (1995) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410380114 · Cited by 1,471 · see citing works
Wiedenmann, B. J., & Franke, W. W. (1985) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(85)80082-9 · Cited by 1,432 · see citing works
Primary structure and functional characterization of a high-affinity glutamate transporter
Kanai, Y., & Hediger, M. A. (1992) · Nature · doi:10.1038/360467a0 · Cited by 1,339 · see citing works
Cloning and expression of a rat brain L-glutamate transporter
Pines, G., Danbolt, N. C., Bjørås, M., Zhang, Y., Bendahan, A., Eide, L., Koepsell, H., Storm‐Mathisen, J., Seeberg, E. C., & Kanner, B. I. (1992) · Nature · doi:10.1038/360464a0 · Cited by 1,232 · see citing works
Chartier-Harlin, M.-C., Crawford, F., Houlden, H., Warren, A., Hughes, D., Fidani, L., Goate, A., Rossor, M., Roques, P., Hardy, J., et al. (1991) · Nature · doi:10.1038/353844a0 · Cited by 1,214 · see citing works
Storck, T., Schulte, S., Hofmann, K., & Stoffel, W. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.22.10955 · Cited by 1,185 · see citing works
A mutation in the Amyloid Precursor Protein Associated with Hereditary Alzheimer's Disease
Murrell, J. R., Farlow, M. R., Ghetti, B. F., & Benson, M. D. (1991) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1925564 · Cited by 1,122 · see citing works
Masters, C. L., Multhaup, G., Simms, G., Pottgiesser, J., Martins, R. N., & Beyreuther, K. T. (1985) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb04000.x · Cited by 1,043 · see citing works
The TINS/TiPS Lecture the molecular biology of mammalian glutamate receptor channels
Seeburg, P. H. (1993) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(93)90093-2 · Cited by 881 · see citing works
A 38,000-dalton membrane protein (p38) present in synaptic vesicles.
Jahn, R., SCHIEBLER, W., Ouimet, C. C., & Greengard, P. (1985) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.82.12.4137 · Cited by 851 · see citing works
A practical computer-based approach to the analysis of radioligand binding experiments
McPherson, G. A. (1983) · Computer Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/0010-468x(83)90031-4 · Cited by 823 · see citing works
Some morphometric aspects of the brain in senile dementia of the alzheimer type
Terry, R. D., Peck, A., DeTeresa, R., Schechter, R., & Horoupian, D. S. (1981) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410100209 · Cited by 801 · see citing works
Mattson, M. P., Cheng, B., Culwell, A. R., Esch, F. S., Lieberburg, I. M., & Rydel, R. E. (1993) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/0896-6273(93)90315-i · Cited by 795 · see citing works
Neurotransmitter enzyme abnormalities in senile dementia
Perry, E. K., Gibson, P. H., Blessed, G., Perry, R. H., & Tomlinson, B. E. (1977) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0022-510x(77)90073-9 · Cited by 724 · see citing works
Perforant pathway changes and the memory impairment of Alzheimer's disease
Hyman, B. T., Van Hoesen, G. W., Kromer, L. J., & Damasio, A. R. (1986) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410200406 · Cited by 672 · see citing works
ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES IN ALZHEIMER'S PRESENILE DEMENTIA.
Terry, R. D., Gonatas, N. K., & WEISS, M. (1964) · PubMed · Cited by 650 · see citing works
Davies, C. A., Mann, D. M. A., Sumpter, P. Q., & Yates, P. O. (1987) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0022-510x(87)90057-8 · Cited by 628 · see citing works
Mattson, M. P., Tomaselli, K. J., & Rydel, R. E. (1993) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(93)90295-x · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Synaptic and neuritic alterations during the progression of Alzheimer's disease
Masliah, E., Mallory, M., Hansen, L., Richard, D., Alford, M., & Terry, R. (1994) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(94)90121-x · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Self-citationSecreted Forms of β‐Amyloid Precursor Protein Protect Against Ischemic Brain Injury
Smith‐Swintosky, V. L., Pettigrew, L. C., Craddock, S. D., Culwell, A. R., Rydel, R. E., & Mattson, M. P. (1994) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1994.63020781.x · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Synaptotrophic effects of human amyloid β protein precursors in the cortex of transgenic mice
Mucke, L., Masliah, E., Johnson, W. B., Ruppe, M. D., Alford, M. F., Rockenstein, E. M., Forss‐Petter, S., Pietropaolo, M., Mallory, M. E., & Abraham, C. R. (1994) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)90767-6 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Localization of Alzheimer βA4 amyloid precursor protein at central and peripheral synaptic sites
SCHUBERT, W. J., Prior, R., Weidemann, A., Dircksen, H., Multhaup, G., Masters, C. L., & Beyreuther, K. T. (1991) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(91)91532-6 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Roch, J., Masliah, E., Roch‐Levecq, A., Sundsmo, M. P., Otero, D. A., Veinbergs, I., & Saitoh, T. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.16.7450 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Patterns of aberrant sprouting in alzheimer's disease
Masliah, E., Mallory, M. E., Hansen, L. A., Alford, M. F., Albright, T., DeTeresa, R. M., Terry, R. D., Baudier, J., & Saitoh, T. (1991) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/0896-6273(91)90170-5 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Research advances in Alzheimer's disease and related disorders
Iqbal, K., & Disorders, R. (1995) · Wiley eBooks · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Lowy, M. T., Wittenberg, L., & Yamamoto, B. K. (1995) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1995.65010268.x · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Masliah, E., Fagan, A. M., Terry, R. D., DeTeresa, R. M., Mallory, M. E., & Gage, F. H. (1991) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(91)90169-d · Cited by 204 · see citing works
The elusive transporters with a high affinity for glutamate
Kanai, Y., Smith, C. P., & Hediger, M. A. (1993) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(93)90094-3 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Heinonen, O., Soininen, H., Sorvari, H., Kosunen, O., Paljärvi, L., Koivisto, E., & Riekkinen, P. J. (1995) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(94)00422-2 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Electrogenic Properties of the Epithelial and Neuronal High Affinity Glutamate Transporter
Kanai, Y., Nußberger, S., Romero, M. F., Boron, W. F., Hébert, S., & Hediger, M. A. (1995) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.270.28.16561 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Masliah, E., Ellisman, M., Carragher, B., Mallory, M., Young, S., Hansen, L., Deteresa, R., & Terry, R. D. (1992) · Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/00005072-199207000-00003 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
(1995) · PubMed · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Arai, H., Lee, V. M. ‐., Messinger, M. L., Greenberg, B., Lowery, D. E., & Trojanowski, J. Q. (1991) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410300509 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Lassmann, H., Weiler, R., Fischer, P. A., Bancher, C., Jellinger, K. A., Floor, E., Danielczyk, W., SEITELBERGER, F., & Winkler, H. J. S. (1992) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(92)90003-k · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Card, J. P., Meade, R. P., & Davis, L. G. (1988) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/0896-6273(88)90131-6 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Amyloid β protein precursor and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease
Selkoe, D. J. (1989) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(89)90093-7 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
The Role of Synaptic Proteins in the Pathogenesis of Disorders of the Central Nervous System
Masliah, E., & Terry, R. D. (1993) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.1993.tb00728.x · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Brain spectrin, calpain and long-term changes in synaptic efficacy
LYNCH, G. S., & Baudry, M. (1987) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/0361-9230(87)90220-6 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Spectrin subtypes in mammalian brain: an immunoelectron microscopic study
Zagon, I., Higbee, R. G., Riederer, B. M., & Goodman, S. R. (1986) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.06-10-02977.1986 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Gundersen, V., Danbolt, N. C., Ottersen, O. P., & Storm‐Mathisen, J. (1993) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(93)90114-u · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Kanai, Y., Stelzner, M. G., Nußberger, S., Khawaja, S., Hébert, S., Smith, C. P., & Hediger, M. A. (1994) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)32035-5 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Mattson, M. P., Cheng, B., & Smith‐Swintosky, V. L. (1993) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1006/exnr.1993.1178 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Masliah, E., Mallory, M. E., Hansen, L. A., Alford, M. F., DeTeresa, R. M., & Terry, R. D. (1993) · PubMed Central · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Molecular Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease
Clark, R. F., & Goate, A. (1993) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1993.00540110044004 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Presynaptic and postsynaptic glutamatergic function in Alzheimer's disease
Cowburn, R. F., Hardy, J., Roberts, P., & BRIGGS, R. S. J. (1988) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(88)90192-9 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Masliah, E., Mallory, M. E., Hansen, L. A., Alford, M. F., DeTeresa, R. M., Terry, R. D., Baudier, J., & Saitoh, T. (1992) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(92)90831-s · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Delayed Antagonism of Calpain Reduces Excitotoxicity in Cultured Neurons
Brorson, J. R., Marcuccilli, C. J., & Miller, R. J. (1995) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.26.7.1259 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Mucke, L., Abraham, C. R., Ruppe, M. D., Rockenstein, E. M., Toggas, S. M., Mallory, M. E., Alford, M. F., & Masliah, E. (1995) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.181.4.1551 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Seubert, P. A., Ivy, G. O., Larson, J., Lee, J., Shahi, K., Baudry, M., & LYNCH, G. S. (1988) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(88)90638-5 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Variant Forms of Neuronal Glutamate Transporter Sites in Alzheimer's Disease Cerebral Cortex
Scott, H. L., Tannenberg, A. E. G., & Dodd, P. R. (1995) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1995.64052193.x · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Regional changes in [3H]d-aspartate and [3H]TCP binding sites in Alzheimer's disease brains
Simpson, M. D. C., Royston, M. C., Deakin, J. F. W., Cross, A. J., Mann, D. M. A., & Slater, P. (1988) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(88)90587-2 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Balcar, V. J., & Li, Y. (1992) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(92)90556-5 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Alford, M. F., Masliah, E., Hansen, L. A., & Terry, R. D. (1994) · Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry · doi:10.1177/42.2.8288869 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Increased immunoreactivity of brain spectrin in Alzheimer disease: a marker for synapse loss?
Masliah, E., Iimoto, D. S., Saitoh, T., Hansen, L. A., & Terry, R. D. (1990) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(90)90755-z · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Askanas, V., Engel, W. K., & Alvarez, R. B. (1992) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(92)90241-x · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Bowes, M. P., Masliah, E., Otero, D. A. C., Zivin, J. A., & Saitoh, T. (1994) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1006/exnr.1994.1152 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
The association of [3H]d-aspartate binding and high-affinity glutamate uptake in the human brain
Cross, A. J., Skan, W., & Slater, P. (1986) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(86)90047-9 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Glutamatergic neurotransmission in Alzheimer's disease
Cowburn, R. F., Hardy, J., & Roberts, P. J. J. (1990) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst0180390 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Glutamate/Aspartate-Releasing Neurons in Alzheimer's Disease
PROCTER, A. W., Palmer, A. M., Stratmann, G. C., & Bowen, D. M. (1986) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198606263142617 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Identification of Amyloid Precursor Protein in Synaptic Plasma Membrane
Shimokawa, M., Yanagisawa, K., Nishiye, H., & Miyatake, T. (1993) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1993.2240 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The American Society for Neural Transplantation
Sladek, J. R. (1994) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1006/exnr.1994.1141 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Autoradiography of L-[3H]aspartate binding sites
Anderson, K. J., & Sandler, D. L. (1993) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(93)90515-5 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Biological Function of Amyloid β/A4 Protein Precursor
Saitoh, T., Roch, J., Jin, L.-W., Ninomiya, H., Otero, D. A. C., Yamamoto, K., & Masliah, E. (1994) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-01135-5_9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Danbolt, N. C. (2001) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(00)00067-8 · Cited by 4,068 · see citing works
Role of Glutamate and NMDA Receptors in Alzheimer’s Disease
Wang, R., & Reddy, P. H. (2017) · Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-160763 · Cited by 1,009 · see citing works
Li, S., Hong, S., Shepardson, N. E., Walsh, D. M., Shankar, G. M., & Selkoe, D. (2009) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.05.012 · Cited by 972 · see citing works
Allan Butterfield, D. (2002) · Free Radical Research · doi:10.1080/1071576021000049890 · Cited by 786 · see citing works
Allanbutterfield, D., Castegna, A., Lauderback, C. M., & Drake, J. (2002) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(01)00340-2 · Cited by 715 · see citing works
Mahmoud, S., Gharagozloo, M., Simard, C., & Gris, D. (2019) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells8020184 · Cited by 698 · see citing works
Function and therapeutic value of astrocytes in neurological diseases
Lee, H.-G., Wheeler, M. A., & Quintana, F. J. (2022) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-022-00390-x · Cited by 662 · see citing works
A vicious cycle of β amyloid−dependent neuronal hyperactivation
Zott, B., Simon, M. M., Hong, W., Unger, F., Chen-Engerer, H.-J., Frosch, M. P., Sakmann, B., Walsh, D. M., & Konnerth, A. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aay0198 · Cited by 640 · see citing works
Sheldon, A. L., & Robinson, M. B. (2007) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2007.03.012 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Castegna, A., Aksenov, M., Aksenova, M., Thongboonkerd, V., Klein, J. B., Pierce, W. M., Booze, R., Markesbery, W. R., & Butterfield, D. A. (2002) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(02)00914-0 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Extrasynaptic NMDA Receptor Involvement in Central Nervous System Disorders
Parsons, M. P., & Raymond, L. A. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.03.030 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Synaptic degeneration in Alzheimer's disease
Arendt, T. (2009) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-009-0536-x · Cited by 517 · see citing works
Chong, Z. Z., Li, F., & Maiese, K. (2005) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.02.004 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase Inhibition in Blood Ameliorates Neurodegeneration
Zwilling, D., Huang, S., Sathyasaikumar, K. V., Notarangelo, F. M., Guidetti, P., Wu, H., Lee, J. H., Truong, J. K., Andrews-Zwilling, Y. S., Hsieh, E., et al. (2011) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.05.020 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Danysz, W., & Parsons, C. G. (2012) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02057.x · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Activation of microglia and astrocytes: a roadway to neuroinflammation and Alzheimer’s disease
Kaur, D., Sharma, V., & Deshmukh, R. R. (2019) · Inflammopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s10787-019-00580-x · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Excitotoxic mechanisms and the role of astrocytic glutamate transporters in traumatic brain injury
Yi, J., & Hazell, A. S. (2006) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2005.12.001 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Lauderback, C. M., Hackett, J. M., Huang, F. F., Keller, J. N., Szweda, L. I., Markesbery, W. R., & Butterfield, D. A. (2001) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00451.x · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Elusive roles for reactive astrocytes in neurodegenerative diseases
Ben Haim, L., Carrillo-de Sauvage, M.-A., Ceyzériat, K., & Escartin, C. (2015) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2015.00278 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Neurotransmitter Transporters in the Central Nervous System
Masson, J., Sagné, C., Hamon, M., & Mestikawy, S. E. (1999) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0031-6997(24)01414-5 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Butterfield, D. A., & Boyd-Kimball, D. (2018) · Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-170543 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Danysz, W., & Parsons, C. G. (2003) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.938 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
High Affinity Glutamate Transporters: Regulation of Expression and Activity
Gegelashvili, G., & Schousboe, A. (1997) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1124/mol.52.1.6 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Spittaels, K., den Haute, C. V., Dorpe, J. V., Bruynseels, K., Vandezande, K., Laenen, I., Geerts, H., Mercken, M., Sciot, R., Lommel, A. V. V., et al. (1999) · American Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65533-2 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Transporters for L‐glutamate: An update on their molecular pharmacology and pathological involvement
Beart, P., & O'Shea, R. D. (2007) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706949 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Glutamate transporters: animal models to neurologic disease
Maragakis, N. J., & Rothstein, J. D. (2004) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2003.12.007 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Astrocytes: Role and Functions in Brain Pathologies
Siracusa, R., Fusco, R., & Cuzzocrea, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.01114 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Astrocyte phenotype in relation to Alzheimer‐type pathology in the ageing brain
Simpson, J. E., Ince, P. G., Lace, G., Forster, G., Shaw, P. J., Matthews, F., Savva, G., Brayne, C., & Wharton, S. B. (2010) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.05.015 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Glutamate Transporters in Neurologic Disease
Maragakis, N. J., & Rothstein, J. D. (2001) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.58.3.365 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Behrens, P. F. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf180 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Law, A. (2001) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(00)00051-5 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease
Onyango, I. G., Jauregui, G. V., Čarná, M., Bennett, J. P., & Stokin, G. B. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9050524 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Revett, T. J., Baker, G. B., Jhamandas, J. H., & Kar, S. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.110190 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Guo, H. (2003) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddg267 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
The Glutamatergic System and Alzheimer???s Disease
Butterfield, D. A., & Pocernich, C. B. (2003) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/00023210-200317090-00004 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Butterfield, D. A., & Debra Boyd-kimball, A. (2004) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2004.10.014 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Molecular mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction following traumatic brain injury
Walker, K. R., & Tesco, G. (2013) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2013.00029 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Proper, E. A., Hoogland, G., Kappen, S. M., Jansen, G. H., Rensen, M. G. A., Schrama, L. H., Veelen, C. W. M. V., van Rijen, P. C., van Nieuwenhuizen, O., Gispen, W. H., et al. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf001 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Butterfield, D. A., & Debra Boyd-kimball, A. (2004) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2004.tb00087.x · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Rukhsana Sultana, A., Marzia Perluigi, A., & Butterfield, D. A. (2006) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2006.8.2021 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Ceyzériat, K., Ben Haim, L., Denizot, A., Pommier, D., Matos, M., Guillemaud, O., Palomares, M.-A., Abjean, L., Petit, F., Gipchtein, P., et al. (2018) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-018-0606-1 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Andersen, J. V., Schousboe, A., & Verkhratsky, A. (2022) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102331 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Astrocyte dysfunction in Alzheimer disease
Acosta, C., Anderson, H. D., & Anderson, C. M. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24075 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Antioxidants in Central Nervous System Diseases: Preclinical Promise and Translational Challenges
Kamat, C. D., Gadal, S., Mhatre, M., Williamson, K. S., Pye, Q. N., & Hensley, K. (2008) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2008-15314 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Targeting Neuroinflammation to Treat Alzheimer’s Disease
Ardura-Fabregat, A., Boddeke, E., Boza‐Serrano, A., Brioschi, S., Castro‐Gomez, S., Ceyzériat, K., Dansokho, C., Dierkes, T., Gelders, G., Heneka, M. T., et al. (2017) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-017-0483-3 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Glial transporters for glutamate, glycine and GABA I. Glutamate transporters
Gadea, A., & López-Colomé, A. M. (2001) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.1039 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Motor cortex excitability in Alzheimer's disease: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study
Ferreri, F., Pauri, F., Pasqualetti, P., Fini, R., Forno, G. D., & Rossini, P. M. (2002) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.10416 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Matos, M., Augusto, E., Oliveira, C. R., & Agostinho, P. M. (2008) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.08.022 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Takahashi, K., Foster, J. B., & Lin, C. G. (2015) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-015-1937-8 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Proteomics: a new approach to investigate oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease brain
Butterfield, D. A. (2004) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2003.12.012 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
d-glutamate and Gut Microbiota in Alzheimer’s Disease
Chang, C.-H., Lin, C.-H., & Lane, H.-Y. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21082676 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Carbonyl Toxicology and Alzheimer's Disease
Picklo, M. J. (2002) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1006/taap.2002.9506 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Vercellino, M., Merola, A., Piacentino, C., Votta, B., Capello, E., Mancardi, G. L., Mutani, R., Giordana, M. T., & Cavalla, P. (2007) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/nen.0b013e31812571b0 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Gąsiorowska, A., Wydrych, M., Drapich, P., Zadrożny, M., Steczkowska, M., Niewiadomski, W., & Niewiadomska, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.654931 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Scimemi, A., Meabon, J. S., Woltjer, R. L., Sullivan, J. M., Diamond, J. S., & Cook, D. G. (2013) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5274-12.2013 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Memantine Improves Spatial Learning in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease
Minkeviciene, R., Banerjee, P., & Tanila, H. (2004) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.104.071027 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Lipid homeostasis and apolipoprotein E in the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease
Lane, R. M., & Farlow, M. R. (2005) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m400486-jlr200 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Proteomics in Alzheimer's disease: insights into potential mechanisms of neurodegeneration
Butterfield, D. A., Debra Boyd-kimball, A., & Castegna, A. (2003) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01948.x · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Reactive astrocytes: The nexus of pathological and clinical hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease
Price, B. R., Johnson, L. A., & Norris, C. M. (2021) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101335 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Beauquis, J., Pavía, P., Pomilio, C. J., Vinuesa, Á., Podlutskaya, N., Galván, V., & Saravia, F. (2012) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.09.009 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Butterfield, D. A., Griffin, S. T., Münch, G. W., & Pasinetti, G. M. (2002) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2002-4309 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Glutamate–glutamine cycling in Alzheimer's disease
WALTON, H., & DODD, P. (2007) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2006.10.007 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Hu, N., Klyubin, I. V., Anwyl, R., & Rowan, M. J. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0908083106 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters in Physiology and Disorders of the Central Nervous System
Malik, A. R., & Willnow, T. E. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20225671 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Redox Proteomics in Selected Neurodegenerative Disorders: From Its Infancy to Future Applications
Butterfield, D. A., Marzia Perluigi, A., Reed, T. T., Muharib, T., Hughes, C. P., Robinson, R. A. S., & Rukhsana Sultana, A. (2011) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2011.4109 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
The Regulation of Astrocytic Glutamate Transporters in Health and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Todd, A., & Hardingham, G. E. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21249607 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
GLT-1 Loss Accelerates Cognitive Deficit Onset in an Alzheimer's Disease Animal Model
Mookherjee, P., Green, P. S., Watson, G. S., Marques, M. A., Tanaka, K., Meeker, K. D., Meabon, J. S., Li, N., Zhu, P., Olson, V. G., et al. (2011) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2011-110503 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Reduced glutamine synthetase in hippocampal areas with neuron loss in temporal lobe epilepsy
van der Hel, W. S., Notenboom, R. G. E., Bos, I. W. M., van Rijen, P. C., Veelen, C. W. M. V., & Graan, P. N. E. D. (2005) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000149636.44660.99 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Debra Boyd-kimball, A., Rukhsana Sultana, A., Poon, H. F., Lynn, B. C., Casamenti, F., Pepeu, G., Klein, J. B., & Butterfield, D. A. (2005) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.12.022 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Glutamate transporter variants reduce glutamate uptake in Alzheimer's disease
Scott, H. A., Gebhardt, F. M., Mitrovic, A. D., Vandenberg, R. J., & Dodd, P. R. (2011) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.03.008 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Role of By-Products of Lipid Oxidation in Alzheimer's Disease Brain: A Focus on Acrolein
Singh, M., Nam, D. T., Arseneault, M., & Ramassamy, C. (2010) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2010-100405 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Soluble Aβ oligomers impair hippocampal LTP by disrupting glutamatergic/GABAergic balance
Lei, M., Xu, H., Li, Z., Wang, Z., O’Malley, T. T., Zhang, D., Walsh, D. M., Xu, P., Selkoe, D. J., & Li, S. (2015) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2015.10.019 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Winkler, M. K., & Benveniste, E. N. (1998) · Glia · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-1136(199802)22:2 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Hefendehl, J. K., LeDue, J. M., Ko, R. W. Y., Mahler, J., Murphy, T. H., & MacVicar, B. A. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms13441 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
The solute carrier transporters and the brain: Physiological and pharmacological implications
Hu, C., Tao, L., Cao, X., & Chen, L. (2019) · Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ajps.2019.09.002 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Takahashi, K., Kong, Q., Lin, Y., Stouffer, N., Schulte, D. A., Lai, L., Liu, Q., Chang, L., Dominguez, S., Xing, X., et al. (2015) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20140413 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Fuller, S. L., Steele, M. L., & Münch, G. W. (2009) · Mutation research. Fundamental and molecular mechanisms of mutagenesis · doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.08.016 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Malm, T., Iivonen, H., Goldsteins, G., Keksa-Goldsteine, V., Ahtoniemi, T., Kanninen, K. M., Salminen, A., Auriola, S. O. K., van Groen, T., Tanila, H., et al. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0059-07.2007 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Zumkehr, J., Rodríguez‐Ortiz, C. J., Cheng, D., Kieu, Z., Wai, T., Hawkins, C., Kilian, J., Lim, S., Medeiros, R., & Kitazawa, M. (2015) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.04.005 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Emdad, L., Sarkar, D., Su, Z.-Z., Lee, S., Kang, D., Bruce, J. N., Volsky, D. J., & Fisher, P. B. (2007) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.01.010 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Advances in the Potential Biomarkers of Epilepsy
Kobylarek, D., Iwanowski, P. S., Lewandowska, Z., Limphaibool, N., Szafranek, S., Labrzycka, A., & Kozubski, W. P. (2019) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00685 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Detrimental effects of chronic hypothalamic—pituitary—adrenal axis activation
Raber, J. (1998) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/bf02741457 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Glutamate Transporter EAAT2: A New Target For The Treatment Of Neurodegenerative Diseases
Lin, C. G., Kong, Q., Cuny, G. D., & Glicksman, M. A. (2012) · Future Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.4155/fmc.12.122 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
D’Amelio, M., & Rossini, P. M. (2012) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.07.001 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Abnormal Glutamate Transport Function in Mutant Amyloid Precursor Protein Transgenic Mice
Masliah, E., Alford, M. F., Mallory, M. E., Rockenstein, E. M., Moechars, D., & LEUVEN, F. V. (2000) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1006/exnr.2000.7386 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Estrogen and tamoxifen reverse manganese‐induced glutamate transporter impairment in astrocytes
Lee, E.-S., Sidoryk‐Wȩgrzynowicz, M., Jiang, H., Yin, Z., & Aschner, M. (2009) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06105.x · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Debra Boyd-kimball, A., Castegna, A., Rukhsana Sultana, A., Poon, H. F., Petroze, R. T., Lynn, B. C., Klein, J. B., & Butterfield, D. A. (2005) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2005.02.086 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Liang, Z., Valla, J., Sefidvash-Hockley, S., Rogers, J., & Li, R. (2002) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.0022-3042.2002.00779.x · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Chloride, carboxylate and carbonate transport by ortho-phenylenediamine-based bisureas
Moore, S. J., Haynes, C. J. E., González‐García, J., Sutton, J. L., Brooks, S. J., Light, M. E., Herniman, J., Langley, G. J., Soto‐Cerrato, V., Pérez‐Tomás, R., et al. (2012) · Chemical Science · doi:10.1039/c2sc21112b · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Pathological phenotypes of astrocytes in Alzheimer’s disease
Kim, J., Yoo, I. D., Lim, J., & Moon, J. (2024) · Experimental & Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/s12276-023-01148-0 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Reactive astrocytes give neurons less support: implications for Alzheimer's disease
Steele, M. L., & Robinson, S. R. (2010) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.09.018 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Overview of Glutamatergic Dysregulation in Central Pathologies
Miladinovic, T., Nashed, M. G., & Singh, G. (2015) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom5043112 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Intracellular Calcium Dysregulation: Implications for Alzheimer’s Disease
Magi, S., Castaldo, P., Macrì, M. L., Maiolino, M., Matteucci, A., Bastioli, G., Gratteri, S., Amoroso, S., & Lariccia, V. (2016) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2016/6701324 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Astrocytes in mouse models of tauopathies acquire early deficits and lose neurosupportive functions
Sidoryk‐Wȩgrzynowicz, M., Gerber, Y. N., Ries, M., Sastre, M., Tolkovsky, A. M., & Spillantini, M. G. (2017) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-017-0478-9 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Functional and structural damage of neurons by innate immune mechanisms during neurodegeneration
Ising, C., & Heneka, M. T. (2018) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-017-0153-x · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Tikka, T., Vartiainen, N. E., Goldsteins, G., Oja, S. S., Andersen, P. M., Marklund, S. L., & Koıstınaho, J. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf068 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Owen, J. B., Rukhsana Sultana, A., Aluise, C. D., Erickson, M. A., Price, T. O., Bu, G., Banks, W. A., & Butterfield, D. A. (2010) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.09.013 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Bridges, R. J., & Esslinger, C. S. (2005) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.01.002 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Butterfield, D. A. (2014) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.06.006 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Blood-brain barrier integrity in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease
Huang, Z., Wong, L., Su, Y., Huang, X., Wang, N., Chen, H., & Yi, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100857 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
- Authors
- Masliah, E., Hansen, L., Alford, M., Deteresa, R., & Mallory, M.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Masliah, E.
- Venue
- Annals of Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1996-11
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 759-766
- ISSN
- 0364-5134 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-8249
- OpenAlex
- W2050523782
- Cited by
- 476
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 6.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annals of Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (AG10689, AG05131, R01AG010689, P50AG005131)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, glutamate transporters, excitotoxicity, neurodegeneration, synapse damage, synaptophysin, synaptic pathology
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aspartic Acid, Autopsy, Biological Transport, Brain, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Nerve Degeneration, Organ Specificity, Reference Values, Regression Analysis, Spectrin, Biomarkers, Synaptophysin, Neurofibrillary Tangles, ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters, Amino Acid Transport System X-AG
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review