Losing the rose tinted glasses: neural substrates of unbiased belief updating in depression
Open accessAbstract
Recent evidence suggests that a state of good mental health is associated with biased processing of information that supports a positively skewed view of the future. Depression, on the other hand, is associated with unbiased processing of such information. Here, we use brain imaging in conjunction with a belief update task administered to clinically depressed patients and healthy controls to characterize brain activity that supports unbiased belief updating in clinically depressed individuals. Our results reveal that unbiased belief updating in depression is mediated by strong neural coding of estimation errors in response to both good news (in left inferior frontal gyrus and bilateral superior frontal gyrus) and bad news (in right inferior parietal lobule and right inferior frontal gyrus) regarding the future. In contrast, intact mental health was linked to a relatively attenuated neural coding of bad news about the future. These findings identify a neural substrate mediating the breakdown of biased updating in major depression disorder, which may be essential for mental health.
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Optimistic updating cannot be interpreted purely on the basis of selective attention, cognitive, or mnemonic abilities in processing desirable and undesirable feedback.
“optimistic updating could not be interpreted purely on the basis of selective attention, cognitive, or mnemonic abilities in processing desirable and undesirable feedback (19, 20, 45)”
From Distinct oxytocin effects on belief updating in response to desirable and undesirable feedback (2016) · cites this paper as [45]
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BackgroundResultInfluentialLarge-scale neural networks and the lateralization of motivation and emotion.
Tops, M., Quirin, M., Boksem, M., & Koole, S. (2017) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.02.004 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Kube, T., & Glombiewski, J. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10191-4 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Κube, T., Kirchner, L., Rief, W., Gärtner, T., & Glombiewski, J. A. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103509 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Serotonin modulates asymmetric learning from reward and punishment in healthy human volunteers
Michely, J., Eldar, E., Erdman, A., Martin, I. M., & Dolan, R. J. (2022) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-022-03690-5 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationConcern for Others Leads to Vicarious Optimism
Kappes, A., Crockett, M., Faber, N., Savulescu, J., & Kahane, G. (2018) · Psychology Science · doi:10.1177/0956797617737129 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“We excluded 12 participants with a score higher than 12 on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck, Steer, Ball, & Ranieri, 1996; a score indicating mild depression) because depression has been shown to eliminate the optimistic learning bias (Garrett et al., 2014; Korn et al., 2014).”
Lewis, G., Kounali, D., Button, K. S., Duffy, L., Wiles, N., Munafo, M. R., Harmer, C. J., & Lewis, G. (2017) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12729 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Delusion proneness and ‘jumping to conclusions’: relative and absolute effects
van der Leer, L., Hartig, B., Goldmanis, M., & McKay, R. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291714002359 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Indeed, there is even evidence that people with mild depression show no bias when predicting future events (Sharot, 2011; Garrett et al. 2014).”
BackgroundElder, J., Davis, T. H., & Hughes, B. (2022) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09567976211045934 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Optimistic belief updating despite inclusion of positive events
Marks, J., & Baines, S. (2017) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2017.05.001 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Habicht, J., Bowler, A., Moses-Payne, M. E., & Hauser, T. U. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0001138 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“, 2006), driven by increased learning from negative events (Garrett et al., 2014).”
Brief Report: Reduced Optimism Bias in Self-Referential Belief Updating in High-Functioning Autism
Kuzmanovic, B., Rigoux, L., & Vogeley, K. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2940-0 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Notably, reduced optimism bias in belief updating has not only been demonstrated in ASD, but also in individuals with depression (Garrett et al. 2014; Korn et al. 2014).”
BackgroundSeeing through rose-colored glasses: How optimistic expectancies guide visual attention
Kress, L., Bristle, M., & Aue, T. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0193311 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“, attention-related) mechanism for asymmetric updating of expectancies, a crucial phenomenon implicated in the maintenance of optimism bias, with direct implications for mental health [3,4,9].”
BackgroundAnticipatory feelings: Neural correlates and linguistic markers
Stefanova, E. D., Dubljević, O., Herbert, C., Fairfield, B., Schroeter, M. L., Stern, E. R., Urben, S., Derntl, B., Wiebking, C., Brown, C. S., et al. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.02.015 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Is depression associated with reduced optimistic belief updating?
Hobbs, C., Vozarova, P., Sabharwal, A., Shah, P., & Button, K. (2022) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.190814 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Whereas healthy individuals displayed diminished neural coding of undesirable information, individuals with depression showed strong neural coding in response to undesirable information in the right inferior parietal lobule and right inferior frontal gyrus [12].”
BackgroundResultFields, E. C., Weber, K., Stillerman, B. S., Delaney-Busch, N., & Kuperberg, G. R. (2019) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsz035 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Positive self-views are often seen as key for self-esteem and motivation (Taylor and Brown, 1988; Sharot and Garrett, 2016), and lack of a self-positivity bias is associated with mood disorders (Beck et al., 1979; Shestyuk and Deldin, 2010; Goldin et al., 2013; Garrett et al., 2014).”
BackgroundPandemic Shocks and Household Spending*
Finck, D., & Tillmann, P. (2021) · Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1111/obes.12471 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Flexibility in valenced reinforcement learning computations across development
Nussenbaum, K., Velez, J. A., Washington, B. T., Hamling, H. E., & Hartley, C. A. (2022) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13791 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The neurophysiological basis of optimism bias
Dricu, M., Kress, L., & Aue, T. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816660-4.00003-9 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Neural origins of psychosocial functioning impairments in major depression
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Storm on predictive brain: A neurocomputational account of ketamine antidepressant effect
Bottemanne, H., Berkovitch, L., Gauld, C., Balcerac, A., Schmidt, L., Mouchabac, S., & Fossati, P. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105410 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Distorted learning from local metacognition supports transdiagnostic underconfidence
Katyal, S., Huys, Q. J. M., Dolan, R., & Fleming, S. M. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-57040-0 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Recent work has identi fi ed a self-related negativity bias in individuals with anxious-depression symptoms in relation to learning about expectations of future adverse life events 23,25 and when updating performance expectations from feedback 24 .”
Self-citationBelief updating in bipolar disorder predicts time of recurrence
Ossola, P., Garrett, N., Sharot, T., & Marchesi, C. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.58891 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationBrain mediators of biased social learning of self-perception in social anxiety disorder
Koban, L., Andrews‐Hanna, J. R., Ives, L. T., Wager, T. D., & Arch, J. J. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02587-z · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The automatic nature of motivated belief updating
Kappes, A., & Sharot, T. (2018) · Behavioural Public Policy · doi:10.1017/bpp.2017.11 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationOptimism where there is none: Asymmetric belief updating observed with valence-neutral life events.
Burton, J. W., Harris, A., Shah, P., & Hahn, U. (2021) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104939 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Villano, W. J., Kraus, N. I., Reneau, T. R., Jaso, B. A., Otto, A. R., & Heller, A. S. (2023) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.add2976 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Mania risk is characterized by an aberrant optimistic update bias for positive life events
Schönfelder, S., Langer, J., Schneider, E. E., & Wessa, M. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.073 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The Neuroscience of Suicidal Behavior
van Heeringen, K. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316563205 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Brain Systems Underlying Fundamental Motivations of Human Social Conformity
Chen, X., Liu, J., Luo, Y., & Feng, C. (2022) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-022-00960-4 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“In contrast, patients with depression compared with healthy controls exhibit a stronger encoding of undesirable information in the IFG, which mediates the absence of biased belief updating that supports a positively skewed view of the future [164].”
BackgroundPerformance Feedback Processing Is Positively Biased As Predicted by Attribution Theory
Korn, C. W., Rosenblau, G., Buritica, J. M. R., & Heekeren, H. R. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148581 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Depressive patients also show a reduction in positively biased updating for future life events [34,57].”
BackgroundSelf-citationPsilocybin increases optimistic engagement over time: computational modelling of behaviour in rats
Fisher, E. L., Smith, R. S., Conn, K., Corcoran, A. W., Milton, L. K., Hohwy, J., & Foldi, C. J. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-03103-7 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“To investigate the differences in belief updating from positive and negative outcomes associated with depression and optimism [38], we included separate forgetting rate parameters ( α decay ) for rewards and losses.”
BackgroundMethodYao, Z., Lin, X., & Hu, X. (2021) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsab011 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“In contrast, patients with major depressive disorder or individuals with high functioning autism showed enhanced belief updating toward undesirable feedback relative to healthy controls, leading to smaller optimism biases (Garrett et al., 2014; Korn et al., 2014; Kuzmanovic et al., 2019).”
BackgroundA guideline and cautionary Note: How to use the belief update task correctly
Sharot, T., & Garrett, N. (2022) · Methods in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.metip.2022.100091 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationRosenblau, G., Frolichs, K., & Korn, C. W. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105181 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationConcern for Others Leads to Vicarious OptimismPreprint
Kappes, A., Crockett, M. J., Faber, N. S., Savulescu, J., & Kahane, G. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/na9db · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Ramos-Grille, I., Weyant, J., Wormwood, J. B., Robles, M., Vallès, V., Camprodon, J. A., & Chanes, L. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.030 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Unveiling the neural underpinnings of optimism: a systematic review
Erthal, F. S., Bastos, A. F., Vilete, L. M. P., Oliveira, L., Pereira, M. G., Mendlowicz, M. V., Volchan, E., & Figueira, I. L. D. V. (2021) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-021-00931-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“…with optimism in healthy adults (i.e., participants who had no known disease or health problem), two studies also investigated clinical samples: patients diagnosed with Generalized Anxiety Disorder/Social Anxiety Disorder (Blair et al., 2017) and Major Depressive Disorder (Garrett et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSympathetic involvement in time-constrained sequential foraging
Dundon, N. M., Garrett, N., Babenko, V., Cieslak, M., Daw, N. D., & Grafton, S. T. (2020) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-020-00799-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial optimism biases are associated with cortical thickness
Moser, D. A., Dricu, M., Wiest, R., Schüpbach, L., & Aue, T. (2020) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsaa095 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“, 2015) and lack of it is associated with pathologies centered around motivational problems (Garrett et al., 2014), Mode 1 cortical thickness could hence reflect preconditions for personal functionality and initiative.”
BackgroundLa cognition au cœur de la dépression
Polosan, M., Lemogne, C., Jardri, R., & Fossati, P. (2016) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/s0013-7006(16)30014-8 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Low foreign language proficiency reduces optimism about the personal future
Oganian, Y., Heekeren, H., & Korn, C. W. (2019) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/1747021818774789 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“, 2011), and this asymmetry is absent in depressive patients (Garrett et al., 2014; Korn et al., 2014) but not in borderline personality disorder patients (Korn et al.”
Self-citationPsychological Dimensions Relevant to Motivation and Pleasure in Schizophrenia
Abram, S. V., Weittenhiller, L. P., Bertrand, C., McQuaid, J. R., Mathalon, D., Ford, J., & Fryer, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.827260 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
When Private Optimism meets Public Despair: Dissociable effects on behavior and well-beingPreprint
Globig, L. K., Blain, B., & Sharot, T. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/gbdn8 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationThe politics of the globalization backlash: Sources and implicationsPreprint
Frieden, J. (2018) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Karhu, J., Veijola, J., & Hintsanen, M. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.07.049 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Residential location and education in the United States
Hanushek, E. A., & Yılmaz, K. (2022) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781789908497.00012 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Kube, T., & Glombiewski, J. (2021) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-021-10256-y · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Karhu, J., Hintsanen, M., Ek, E., Koskela, J., & Veijola, J. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111710 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“2 adaptation to prevent depressive symptoms (Garrett et al., 2014; Korn, Sharot, Walter, Heekeren, & Dolan, 2014).”
Motivated Cognition in Cooperation
Fiedler, S., Habibnia, H., Fahrenwaldt, A., & Rahal, R.-M. (2023) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916231193990 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“…situations because they provide social (e.g., social acceptance; Ames, 2004a, 2004b; Kim et al., 2020; Sharot et al., 2022), psychological (Garrett et al., 2014; Korn et al., 2014), and physical health benefits (Garrett et al., 2014; Korn et al., 2014; Strunk et al., 2006; Taylor et al.,…”
BackgroundTavlas, G. S., Gibson, H. D., Hall, S. G., & Petroulas, P. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4197872 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Czekalla, N., Schröder, A., Mayer, A. V., Stierand, J., Stolz, D. S., Κube, T., Korn, C. W., Wilhelm, I., Klein, J. P., Paulus, F. M., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.05.09.593087 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Accordingly, more negative belief-updating about one’s future, abilities, or social popularity has been observed in experimental settings in depression 11,12 .”
Self-citationNegative mood and optimism bias: An experimental investigation of sadness and belief updating
Karnick, A. T., Bauer, B. W., & Capron, D. W. (2023) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101910 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
An Active Inference Model of the Optimism Bias
Fisher, E. L., Whyte, C. J., & Hohwy, J. (2025) · Computational Psychiatry · doi:10.5334/cpsy.125 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Belief Updating Deficits in Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Zabag, R., Zwalmen, Y. V., Κube, T., Hoorelbeke, K., Koster, E. H. W., & Joormann, J. (2025) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2025.102649 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Kirchner, L., Rief, W., Müller, L., Buchwald, H., Fuhrmann, K., & Berg, M. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0307035 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Opening Burton's Clock: Psychiatric insights from computational cognitive modelsPreprint
Bennett, D., & Niv, Y. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/y2vzu · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Some studies have shown that those with depression respond more to worse-than-expected outcomes than healthy controls, (Nelson & Craighead, 1977; Garrett et al., 2014) but others have found no difference (Henriques et al., 1994; Henriques & Davidson, 2000; Santesso et al., 2008; Robinson et al.,…”
BackgroundErrors in Probabilistic Reasoning and Judgment BiasesPreprint
Benjamin, D. J. (2018) · Handbook of Behavioral Economics - Foundations and Applications 2 · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3293360 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Spaeth, A. M., Koenig, S., Everaert, J., Glombiewski, J. A., & Κube, T. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1253045 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Further related lines of research on biased belief updating in depression are research on (lack of) the optimism bias (Garrett et al., 2014; Korn et al., 2014) and selective attention (McCabe and Gotlib, 1995; Gotlib et al., 2004; Joormann and Gotlib, 2007).”
BackgroundProcessing of information about future life events in borderline personality disorder
Korn, C. W., Rosée, L. L., Heekeren, H. R., & Roepke, S. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.07.067 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationAue, T., Dricu, M., Moser, D. A., Mayer, B., & Bührer, S. (2021) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-021-00913-8 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Κube, T., Herzog, P., Michalak, C. M., Glombiewski, J. A., Doering, B. K., & Rief, W. (2019) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.v1i4.33548 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“These findings are also in line with neurophysiological studies indicat‐ ing that depression is associated with difficulty in processing unexpected events (“predic‐ tion errors”) (Garrett et al., 2014; Gradin et al., 2011).”
ResultLeft Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortical Activity During Reward Expectancy and Mania Risk
Arora, M., Chase, H. W., Bertocci, M. A., Skeba, A. S., Eckstrand, K., Bebko, G. M., Aslam, H. A., Raeder, R., Graur, S., Benjamin, O. E., et al. (2025) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.4216 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
How mood shapes belief updating bias in depression
Bottemanne, H., Frileux, S., Sévoz‐Couche, C., Pelloux, Y., Colle, R., & Corruble, E. (2025) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-025-01297-x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Studies have shown that the bias disappear in MDD (Garrett et al., 2014; Korn et al., 2014; Sharot et al., 2011b).”
InfluentialThe Neuroscience of Happiness and Well-Being
Rosenfeld, A. J. (2018) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2018.11.002 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Fragmentation in the European Monetary Union: Is it really over?
Candelon, B., Luisi, A., & Roccazzella, F. (2021) · Journal of International Money and Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jimonfin.2021.102545 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Mise à jour des croyances et congruence à l'humeur dans le trouble dépressif
Bottemanne, H., Frileux, S., Guesdon, A., & Fossati, P. (2021) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2021.06.015 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Opening Burton’s Clock: Psychiatric Insights from Computational Cognitive Models
Bennett, D., & Niv, Y. (2020) · The Cognitive Neurosciences · doi:10.7551/mitpress/11442.003.0049 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Optimistic Update for Positive Life Events? An Unbiased TestPreprint
Garrett, N., & Sharot, T. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2788731 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“As done previously (Garrett et al., 2014; Moutsiana et al., 2013; Moutsiana, et al., 2015; Sharot, Kanai, et al., 2012) update was calculated such that positive scores indicate a move towards the base rate, regardless of event type and valence categorization, and negative scores a move away from the base rate.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationElder, J., Davis, T. H., & Hughes, B. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/etz56 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Distorted learning from local metacognition supports transdiagnostic underconfidencePreprint
Katyal, S., Huys, Q. J. M., Dolan, R. J., & Fleming, S. M. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/qcg92 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationA varying coefficient approach to estimating hedonic housing price functions and their quantiles
Wan, A. T. K., Xie, S., & Zhou, Y. (2016) · Journal of Applied Statistics · doi:10.1080/02664763.2016.1238053 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Aue, T., Dricu, M., Singh, L., Moser, D. A., & Kotikalapudi, R. (2021) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsab075 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Beyond its motivational impact, the positive anticipation of one’s future has been shown to accompany mental and physical health (Garrett et al., 2014; Hevey, McGee, & Horgan, 2014; Rasmussen, Scheier, & Greenhouse, 2009; Vickers & Vogeltanz, 2000).”
BackgroundDifferential effects of social feedback valence and self-relevance on brain responses and behaviour
Helming, H., Peters, A., Arkun, S., Bruchmann, M., Moeck, R., Straube, T., & Schindler, S. (2025) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsaf062 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Garrett, N., Sharot, T., Faulkner, P., Korn, C. W., Roiser, J. P., & Dolan, R. J.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Garrett, Neil
- Sharot, Tali
- Venue
- Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2014-08-28
- Volume
- 8
- Pages
- 639-639
- ISSN
- 1662-5161 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4147849
- OpenAlex
- W2129972322
- Cited by
- 174
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 5.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (091593, 091593/Z/10/, 098362, 098362/Z/12/Z, 091593/Z/10/Z, 098362/Z/12/)
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- depression, belief updating, estimation error, neural coding, future expectations, positive skewness, inferior frontal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, superior frontal gyrus, mental health, cognitive biases
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