The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 29 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Elevated Salivary Levels of Oxytocin Persist More than 7 h after Intranasal Administration
Open accessAbstract
We addressed the question how long salivary oxytocin levels remain elevated after intranasal administration, and whether it makes a difference when 16 or 24 IU of oxytocin administration is used. Oxytocin levels were measured in saliva samples collected from 46 female participants right before intranasal administration (at 9:30 a.m.) of 16 IU (n = 18) or 24 IU (n = 10) of oxytocin, or a placebo (n = 18), and each hour after administration, for 7 h in total. Oxytocin levels did not differ among conditions before use of the nasal spray. Salivary oxytocin levels in the placebo group showed high stability across the day. After oxytocin administration oxytocin levels markedly increased, they peaked around 1 h after administration, and were still significantly elevated 7 h after administration. The amount of oxytocin (16 or 24 IU) did not make a difference for oxytocin levels. The increase of oxytocin levels for at least 7 h shows how effective intranasal administration of oxytocin is. Our findings may raise ethical questions about potentially persisting behavioral effects after participants have left the lab setting. More research into the long-term neurological and behavioral effects of sniffs of oxytocin is urgently needed.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“One study [12] found that salivary OT was still elevated 7 hours after administration in a double-blind, between-subjects study (n = 46; all female).”
From Salivary oxytocin concentrations in males following intranasal administration of oxytocin: a double-blind, cross-over study (2015) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“Participants in both the high dose (24 IU; n = 10) and low dose (16 IU; n = 18) IN-OT conditions still had significantly higher salivary OT concentrations after 7 hours, compared to participants in the placebo condition.”
From Salivary oxytocin concentrations in males following intranasal administration of oxytocin: a double-blind, cross-over study (2015) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“However, there was no statistically significant difference between the high and low dose OT conditions at any point in the study.”
From Salivary oxytocin concentrations in males following intranasal administration of oxytocin: a double-blind, cross-over study (2015) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“Measurements were performed in duplicate according to the kit’s instructions, similar to the procedures used in previous studies (van Ijzendoorn et al., 2012; Bhandari et al., 2014; Tsuji et al., 2015).”
From A neurobiological association of revenge propensity during intergroup conflict (2020) · cites this paper as van Ijzendoorn et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“While elevated levels of OT have been demonstrated up to 7 h after a single-dose administration [45]”
From Behavioral effects of multiple-dose oxytocin treatment in autism: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial with long-term follow-up (2020) · cites this paper as [45]
In the citing paper
“Indeed, the recent finding that a single intranasal administration of oxytocin (16 IU) resulted in elevated salivary oxytocin levels up to 7 hours post-administration while the peptide has a half time of approximately 10 minutes, supports this hypothesis [39].”
From Efficacy of oxytocin administration early after psychotrauma in preventing the development of PTSD: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial (2014) · cites this paper as [39]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Oxytocin and vasopressin in the human brain: social neuropeptides for translational medicine
Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Domes, G., Kirsch, P., & Heinrichs, M. (2011) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3044 · Cited by 1,688
Social effects of oxytocin in humans: context and person matter
Bartz, J. A., Zaki, J., Bolger, N., & Ochsner, K. N. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.05.002 · Cited by 1,581 · cited 1×
“INTRODUCTION Intranasal oxytocin (OT) administration is used in numerous experimental studies to investigate the role of this neuropeptide in neural activation, information processing, and behavior (e.g., Insel, 1992; Carter, 2003; Parker et al., 2005; Feldman et al., 2007; Campbell, 2008; De Dreu et al., 2010; Naber…”
MethodOxytocin shapes the neural circuitry of trust and trust adaptation in humans
Baumgartner, T., Heinrichs, M., Vonlanthen, A., Fischbacher, U., & Fehr, E. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.009 · Cited by 1,258
The Neuropeptide Oxytocin Regulates Parochial Altruism in Intergroup Conflict Among Humans
De Dreu, C. K. W., Greer, L. L., Handgraaf, M. J. J., Shalvi, S., Van Kleef, G. A., Baas, M., Ten Velden, F. S., Van Dijk, E., & Feith, S. W. W. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1189047 · Cited by 1,148
Oxytocin, vasopressin, and human social behavior
Heinrichs, M., von Dawans, B., & Domes, G. (2009) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.05.005 · Cited by 799
Feldman, R., Weller, A., Zagoory-Sharon, O., & Levine, A. (2007) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.02010.x · Cited by 787
The Peptide That Binds: A Systematic Review of Oxytocin and its Prosocial Effects in Humans
MacDonald, K., & MacDonald, T. M. (2010) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/10673220903523615 · Cited by 585
Insel, T. R. (1992) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/0306-4530(92)90073-g · Cited by 487
Holt-Lunstad, J., Birmingham, W. A., & Light, K. C. (2008) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e318187aef7 · Cited by 473
Modulating social behavior with oxytocin: How does it work? What does it mean?
Churchland, P. S., & Winkielman, P. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.12.003 · Cited by 464
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Moberg K. U. (2003). The Oxytocin Factor. Cambridge: Da Capo
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–137 of 137
Temporal dynamics of intranasal oxytocin in human brain electrophysiology
Zelenina, M., Kosilo, M., da Cruz, J. N., Antunes, M. C. D. S., Figueiredo, P., Mehta, M. A., & Prata, D. P. (2021) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhab404 · Cited by 10
Dumais, K. M., & Veenema, A. H. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802114-9.00011-1 · Cited by 11
Erfina, E., Ahmad, M., Usman, A. N., Sinrang, A. W., Alasiry, E., & Bahar, B. (2020) · Enfermería Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.12.001 · Cited by 10
Early Environments Shape Neuropeptide Function: The Case of Oxytocin and Vasopressin
Perry‐Paldi, A., Hirschberger, G., Feldman, R., Zagoory‐Sharon, O., Bazak, S. B., & Ein‐Dor, T. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00581 · Cited by 9
Rash, J. A., Toivonen, K., Robert, M., Nasr‐Esfahani, M., Jarrell, J. F., & Campbell, T. S. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014909 · Cited by 8
Placebo Effects in the Neuroendocrine System: Conditioning of the Oxytocin Responses
Skvortsova, A., Veldhuijzen, D. S., Pacheco‐López, G., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Smeets, M. A. M., Wilderjans, T. F., Dahan, A., den Bergh, O. V., Chavannes, N. H., et al. (2019) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000759 · Cited by 10
Self-citationFuture directions for the investigation of intranasal oxytocin and pain
Rash, J. A., & Campbell, T. S. (2014) · Rheumatology International · doi:10.1007/s00296-014-3070-7 · Cited by 8
Garcia, M. A., & Delahanty, D. L. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.04.001 · Cited by 7
The neurobiological mechanisms of photoperiod impact on brain functions: a comprehensive review
Halabian, A., & Radahmadi, M. (2024) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2024-0006 · Cited by 6
Baron-Cohen, K. L., Fearon, P. R. M., Feldman, R., Hardiman, P., Zagoory‐Sharon, O., Meins, E., & Fonagy, P. (2025) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107374 · Cited by 6
Salivary oxytocin after oxytocin administration: Examining the moderating role of childhood trauma
Fragkaki, I., Glennon, J. C., & Cima, M. (2020) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107903 · Cited by 7
Oxytocin nasal spray in fibromyalgic patients: additional information
Agabio, R., Mameli, S., Sardo, S., Minerba, L., & Melis, M. R. (2014) · Rheumatology International · doi:10.1007/s00296-014-3101-4 · Cited by 6
Song, D., & Wang, Z. (2025) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115985 · Cited by 5
Zhang, X., Liu, Q., Liu, C., Wang, Z., Fu, K., Lan, C., Xu, T., Zhou, X., Kendrick, K. M., Yao, D., et al. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2520651122 · Cited by 4
Rash, J. A., Campbell, T. S., Cooper, L., Flusk, D., MacInnes, A. I., Nasr‐Esfahani, M., Mekhael, A. A., Poulin, P. A., Robert, M., & Yi, Y. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055039 · Cited by 4
Oromucosal Administration of Oxytocin: The Development of ‘Oxipops’
Xu, D., Lan, C., Kou, J., Yao, S., Zhao, W., & Kendrick, K. M. (2024) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics16030333 · Cited by 5
Does oxytocin lead to emotional interference during a working memory paradigm?
Tollenaar, M. S., Ruissen, M. I., Elzinga, B. M., & de Bruijn, E. R. A. (2017) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4737-z · Cited by 4
Verhees, M. W. F. T., Ceulemans, E., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Winter, S. D., & Bosmans, G. (2017) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-017-2077-2 · Cited by 4
Self-citationEngel, S., Schumacher, S., Niemeyer, H., Kuester, A., Burchert, S., Rau, H., Willmund, G., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2020) · Verhaltenstherapie · doi:10.1159/000506028 · Cited by 3
Saporta, L., Feldman, R., Levi, L. W., Davidson, M., Burshtein, S., Gur, R. C., Zagoory‐Sharon, O., Amiaz, R., Park, J., Davis, J. M., et al. (2024) · Schizophrenia Bulletin Open · doi:10.1093/schizbullopen/sgae022 · Cited by 2
Ding, S., Liu, Y., Tao, H., Zhao, Y., Zeng, H., Han, Y., Wang, S., Chen, Z., Tang, Y., & Guo, W. (2024) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107138 · Cited by 2
Leeds, A., Dennis, P. M., Lukas, K. E., Stoinski, T. S., Willis, M. A., & Schook, M. W. (2018) · Primates · doi:10.1007/s10329-018-0651-1 · Cited by 2
RetractedScott, E. P. (2017) · The Scholarship East Carolina University's Institutional Repository (East Carolina University) · Cited by 2
Martins, D., Gabay, A. S., Mehta, M. A., & Paloyelis, Y. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.07.14.202622 · Cited by 2
Engel, S., Schumacher, S., Niemeyer, H., Kuester, A., Burchert, S., Rau, H., Willmund, G., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2020) · Verhaltenstherapie · doi:10.1159/000505303 · Cited by 1
Hamel, A. F. (2021) · ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst) · doi:10.7275/6948874.0 · Cited by 1
Antisocial behaviour in adolescents: exploring and improving emotion processing deficits
Hubble, K. (2015) · ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) · Cited by 1
Intranasal oxytocin modulates very early visual processing of emotional facesPreprint
Hugrass, L., Labuschagne, I., Mu, E., Price, A., & Crewther, D. P. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.04.15.440078 · Cited by 1
Collection Methods for Salivary Oxytocin Estimation in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Kaku, S. M. (2016) · Journal of Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.21767/2171-6625.100004
Oksitosiini, suojelumotivaatio ja aivojen frontaaliasymmetria pienten lasten äideillä
Lappalainen, H. (2015) · Tampere University Institutional Repository (Tampere University)
The effects of oxytocin on social behaviour: the influence of context and individual differences
Daughters, K. (2016) · ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)
da Silva, J. U. (2017) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.47.2017.tde-25072017-172834
L’ocytocine et la dépression du post-partum
Cardaillac, C., Rua, C., Simon, E. G., & El‐Hage, W. (2017) · Sages-Femmes · doi:10.1016/j.sagf.2017.04.005
横山, 圭. (1992) · 全国大会講演論文集
Moerkerke, M., Daniëls, N., Tibermont, L., Tang, T., Evenepoel, M., der Donck, S. V., Debbaut, E., Prinsen, J., Chubar, V., Claes, S. J., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.06.06.23291017
Szymanska, M. (2016) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/5ebf3333z256cz402dz8340z24153a59aef8
Eramo, B., Sepe, C., Friuli, M., Campagna, A., Romano, A., & Gaetani, S. (2026) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2026.108279
Metadata
- Authors
- van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bhandari, R., van der Veen, R., Grewen, K. M., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Leiden University (NL)
- Venue
- Frontiers in Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 6
- Pages
- 174-174
- ISSN
- 1662-453X (ISSN-L)
- 1662-4548
- PMC
- PMC3516702
- OpenAlex
- W2146224339
- Cited by
- 137
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 16
- FWCI
- 25.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (453.09.003)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- oxytocin, intranasal administration, salivary oxytocin, pharmacokinetics, dose comparison, placebo, ethical considerations, behavioral effects
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
