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Elevated Salivary Levels of Oxytocin Persist More than 7 h after Intranasal Administration
Open accessAbstract
We addressed the question how long salivary oxytocin levels remain elevated after intranasal administration, and whether it makes a difference when 16 or 24 IU of oxytocin administration is used. Oxytocin levels were measured in saliva samples collected from 46 female participants right before intranasal administration (at 9:30 a.m.) of 16 IU (n = 18) or 24 IU (n = 10) of oxytocin, or a placebo (n = 18), and each hour after administration, for 7 h in total. Oxytocin levels did not differ among conditions before use of the nasal spray. Salivary oxytocin levels in the placebo group showed high stability across the day. After oxytocin administration oxytocin levels markedly increased, they peaked around 1 h after administration, and were still significantly elevated 7 h after administration. The amount of oxytocin (16 or 24 IU) did not make a difference for oxytocin levels. The increase of oxytocin levels for at least 7 h shows how effective intranasal administration of oxytocin is. Our findings may raise ethical questions about potentially persisting behavioral effects after participants have left the lab setting. More research into the long-term neurological and behavioral effects of sniffs of oxytocin is urgently needed.
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In the citing paper
“One study [12] found that salivary OT was still elevated 7 hours after administration in a double-blind, between-subjects study (n = 46; all female).”
From Salivary oxytocin concentrations in males following intranasal administration of oxytocin: a double-blind, cross-over study (2015) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“Participants in both the high dose (24 IU; n = 10) and low dose (16 IU; n = 18) IN-OT conditions still had significantly higher salivary OT concentrations after 7 hours, compared to participants in the placebo condition.”
From Salivary oxytocin concentrations in males following intranasal administration of oxytocin: a double-blind, cross-over study (2015) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“However, there was no statistically significant difference between the high and low dose OT conditions at any point in the study.”
From Salivary oxytocin concentrations in males following intranasal administration of oxytocin: a double-blind, cross-over study (2015) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“Measurements were performed in duplicate according to the kit’s instructions, similar to the procedures used in previous studies (van Ijzendoorn et al., 2012; Bhandari et al., 2014; Tsuji et al., 2015).”
From A neurobiological association of revenge propensity during intergroup conflict (2020) · cites this paper as van Ijzendoorn et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“While elevated levels of OT have been demonstrated up to 7 h after a single-dose administration [45]”
From Behavioral effects of multiple-dose oxytocin treatment in autism: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial with long-term follow-up (2020) · cites this paper as [45]
In the citing paper
“Indeed, the recent finding that a single intranasal administration of oxytocin (16 IU) resulted in elevated salivary oxytocin levels up to 7 hours post-administration while the peptide has a half time of approximately 10 minutes, supports this hypothesis [39].”
From Efficacy of oxytocin administration early after psychotrauma in preventing the development of PTSD: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial (2014) · cites this paper as [39]
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Citations
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Metadata
- Authors
- van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bhandari, R., van der Veen, R., Grewen, K. M., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Leiden University (NL)
- Venue
- Frontiers in Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 6
- Pages
- 174-174
- ISSN
- 1662-453X (ISSN-L)
- 1662-4548
- PMC
- PMC3516702
- OpenAlex
- W2146224339
- Cited by
- 137
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 16
- FWCI
- 25.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (453.09.003)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- oxytocin, intranasal administration, salivary oxytocin, pharmacokinetics, dose comparison, placebo, ethical considerations, behavioral effects
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