CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 67Gut microbiota and healthProbiotics and Fermented FoodsGastrointestinal motility and disorders

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 387 of the 390 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Interplay of Good Bacteria and Central Nervous System: Cognitive Aspects and Mechanistic Considerations

Open access
Salami, Mahmoud·2021·Frontiers in Neuroscience
DOI 10.3389/fnins.2021.613120PMC PMC7904897
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

The human gastrointestinal tract hosts trillions of microorganisms that is called "gut microbiota." The gut microbiota is involved in a wide variety of physiological features and functions of the body. Thus, it is not surprising that any damage to the gut microbiota is associated with disorders in different body systems. Probiotics, defined as living microorganisms with health benefits for the host, can support or restore the composition of the gut microbiota. Numerous investigations have proved a relationship between the gut microbiota with normal brain function as well as many brain diseases, in which cognitive dysfunction is a common clinical problem. On the other hand, increasing evidence suggests that the existence of a healthy gut microbiota is crucial for normal cognitive processing. In this regard, interplay of the gut microbiota and cognition has been under focus of recent researches. In the present paper, I review findings of the studies considering beneficial effects of either gut microbiota or probiotic bacteria on the brain cognitive function in the healthy and disease statuses.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3389/fnins.2021.613120

Cites

387 of 387 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

FIGURE 1 The nature of a steady gut microbiota (including number and variety of the microorganisms) is influenced by various factors including mode of delivery at birth, gender, medications, genetics, age, diet, lifestyle, supplements like prebiotics and probiotics, unwanted impacts like stress, and geographical location.
FIGURE 1 The nature of a steady gut microbiota (including number and variety of the microorganisms) is influenced by various factors including mode of delivery at birth, gender, medications, genetics, age, diet, lifestyle, supplements like prebiotics and probiotics, unwanted impacts like stress, and geographical location.CC BY · PubMed Central
FIGURE 2 The effect of gut microbiota on the cognitive brain function. The gut microbiota and probiotic bacteria produce neurotransmitters, some neurotransmitter precursors, neuromodulators, and various metabolites. These bioactive factors underlie the cognitive processes of the brain including learning and memory. They reach the brain through blood vessels, cross the BBB, and directly affect the brain function. However, since the BBB is impermeable to polar molecules, it is suggested that some productions of the bacteria impact the brain action indirectly via modulating the ENS and the vagus nerve. ENS, enteric nervous system; n, nerve; NT, neurotransmitter; Ach, acetylcholine; NM, neuromodulators; NH, neurohormones; Mets, metabolites; SCFAs, short chain fatty acids.
FIGURE 2 The effect of gut microbiota on the cognitive brain function. The gut microbiota and probiotic bacteria produce neurotransmitters, some neurotransmitter precursors, neuromodulators, and various metabolites. These bioactive factors underlie the cognitive processes of the brain including learning and memory. They reach the brain through blood vessels, cross the BBB, and directly affect the brain function. However, since the BBB is impermeable to polar molecules, it is suggested that some productions of the bacteria impact the brain action indirectly via modulating the ENS and the vagus nerve. ENS, enteric nervous system; n, nerve; NT, neurotransmitter; Ach, acetylcholine; NM, neuromodulators; NH, neurohormones; Mets, metabolites; SCFAs, short chain fatty acids.CC BY · PubMed Central
FIGURE 3 Gut dysbiosis eliminates the favorable effect of the microbiome on the brain function. The cognitive brain dysfunction is a common symptom in a series of neurodegenerative and neurobehavioral disorders in people with damaged gut microbiota.
FIGURE 3 Gut dysbiosis eliminates the favorable effect of the microbiome on the brain function. The cognitive brain dysfunction is a common symptom in a series of neurodegenerative and neurobehavioral disorders in people with damaged gut microbiota.CC BY · PubMed Central
FIGURE 4 The main pathways by which the intestinal and probiotic bacteria influence the cognitive brain function. For simplicity, interconnections between the different pathways are not shown.
FIGURE 4 The main pathways by which the intestinal and probiotic bacteria influence the cognitive brain function. For simplicity, interconnections between the different pathways are not shown.CC BY · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

3 retracted

Show all 390 references

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Iversen, 2010, Dopamine Handbook.
  2. Parent, 1996, Carpenter’s Human Neuroanatomy [Online].

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 67

Related

Metadata

Authors
Salami, M.
Affiliations
Kashan University of Medical Sciences (IR)
Corresponding author
Salami, Mahmoud
ORCID
Salami, Mahmoud
Venue
Frontiers in Neuroscience
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2021-02-11
Volume
15
Pages
613120-613120
ISSN
1662-453X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fnins.2021.613120
PMC
PMC7904897
OpenAlex
W3128788375
Cited by
67
References
390
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 4
FWCI
1.15
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
Keywords
gut microbiota, probiotics, cognitive function, gut-brain axis, central nervous system, cognitive impairment, brain disorders, beneficial bacteria

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review