Presynaptic active zone density during development and synaptic plasticity

Clarke, Gwenaëlle L.

doi:10.3389/fnmol.2012.00012

Cited by 33Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchCellular transport and secretionGenetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Presynaptic active zone density during development and synaptic plasticity

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Clarke, Gwenaëlle L.·2012·Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience

DOI 10.3389/fnmol.2012.00012PMC PMC3305919

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Abstract

Neural circuits transmit information through synapses, and the efficiency of synaptic transmission is closely related to the density of presynaptic active zones, where synaptic vesicles are released. The goal of this review is to highlight recent insights into the molecular mechanisms that control the number of active zones per presynaptic terminal (active zone density) during developmental and stimulus-dependent changes in synaptic efficacy. At the neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), the active zone density is preserved across species, remains constant during development, and is the same between synapses with different activities. However, the NMJ active zones are not always stable, as exemplified by the change in active zone density during acute experimental manipulation or as a result of aging. Therefore, a mechanism must exist to maintain its density. In the central nervous system (CNS), active zones have restricted maximal size, exist in multiple numbers in larger presynaptic terminals, and maintain a constant density during development. These findings suggest that active zone density in the CNS is also controlled. However, in contrast to the NMJ, active zone density in the CNS can also be increased, as observed in hippocampal synapses in response to synaptic plasticity. Although the numbers of known active zone proteins and protein interactions have increased, less is known about the mechanism that controls the number or spacing of active zones. The following molecules are known to control active zone density and will be discussed herein: extracellular matrix laminins and voltage-dependent calcium channels, amyloid precursor proteins, the small GTPase Rab3, an endocytosis mechanism including synaptojanin, cytoskeleton protein spectrins and β-adducin, and a presynaptic web including spectrins. The molecular mechanisms that organize the active zone density are just beginning to be elucidated.

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Key molecular players that regulate active zone density include extracellular matrix laminins, voltage-dependent calcium channels, amyloid precursor proteins, the small GTPase Rab3, endocytosis mechanisms involving synaptojanin, and cytoskeletal proteins such as spectrins and β-adducin.
“Key molecular players that regulate active zone density include extracellular matrix laminins, voltage-dependent calcium channels, amyloid precursor proteins, the small GTPase Rab3, endocytosis mechanisms involving synaptojanin, and cytoskeletal proteins such as spectrins and β-adducin [14].”
From Molecular Physiology of the Neuronal Synapse (2026) · cites this paper as [14]
The number, size, and distribution of active zones profoundly influence how information is processed within a neuronal circuit and how the circuit adapts to internal or external cues.
“The number, size, and distribution of active zones profoundly influence how information is processed within a neuronal circuit and how the circuit adapts to internal or external cues [14].”
From Molecular Physiology of the Neuronal Synapse (2026) · cites this paper as [14]

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A protein interaction node at the neurotransmitter release site: Domains of Aczonin/Piccolo, Bassoon, CAST, and rim converge on the N-terminal domain of Munc13-1
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Calcium Channels Link the Muscle-Derived Synapse Organizer Laminin β2 to Bassoon and CAST/Erc2 to Organize Presynaptic Active Zones
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Differential Regulation of Active Zone Density during Long-Term Strengthening ofDrosophilaNeuromuscular Junctions
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CAST2: identification and characterization of a protein structurally related to the presynaptic cytomatrix protein CAST
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Targeted deletion of βIII spectrin impairs synaptogenesis and generates ataxic and seizure phenotypes
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Active zone density is conserved during synaptic growth but impaired in aged mice
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Unc-51 Controls Active Zone Density and Protein Composition by Downregulating ERK Signaling
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Structural and functional remodeling in the retina of a mouse with a photoreceptor synaptopathy: plasticity in the rod and degeneration in the cone system
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Structural and functional plasticity of the cytoplasmic active zone
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Active zone organization and vesicle content scale with bouton size at a vertebrate central synapse
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Synaptic Vesicle Distribution and Release at Rat Diaphragm Neuromuscular Junctions
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Developmental Regulation of Amyloid Precursor Protein at the Neuromuscular Junction in Mouse Skeletal Muscle
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Bruchpilot, a Protein with Homology to ELKS/CAST, Is Required for Structural Integrity and Function of Synaptic Active Zones in Drosophila
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TrkB (Tropomyosin-Related Kinase B) Controls the Assembly and Maintenance of GABAergic Synapses in the Cerebellar Cortex
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Single-Pixel Optical Fluctuation Analysis of Calcium Channel Function in Active Zones of Motor Nerve Terminals
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Age-related changes in contractile properties and expression of myosin isoforms in single skeletal muscle cells
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Rab3-interacting Molecule γ Isoforms Lacking the Rab3-binding Domain Induce Long Lasting Currents but Block Neurotransmitter Vesicle Anchoring in Voltage-dependent P/Q-type Ca2+ Channels
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Differential regulation at functionally divergent release sites along a common axon
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Heterogeneity in Synaptic Vesicle Release at Neuromuscular Synapses of Mice Expressing SynaptopHluorin
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Recent progress towards understanding the synaptic ribbon
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Prenatal findings in four consecutive pregnancies with fetal Pierson syndrome, a newly defined congenital nephrosis syndrome
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Caenorhabditis elegans Innexins Regulate Active Zone Differentiation
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Molecular Mechanism of Active Zone Organization at Vertebrate Neuromuscular Junctions
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The probability of quantal secretion at release sites in different calcium concentrations in toad (Bufo marinus) muscle.
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Impaired development of hippocampal mossy fibre synapses in mouse mutants for the presynaptic scaffold protein Bassoon
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Vision and visual cortical maps in mice with a photoreceptor synaptopathy: Reduced but robust visual capabilities in the absence of synaptic ribbons
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ELKS1 and Ca2+ channel subunit β4 interact and colocalize at cerebellar synapses
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Self-citation
Morphological and Metabolic Changes in the Cortex of Mice Lacking the Functional Presynaptic Active Zone Protein Bassoon: A Combined 1H-NMR Spectroscopy and Histochemical Study
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A Drosophila model of GSS syndrome suggests defects in active zones are responsible for pathogenesis of GSS syndrome
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Depolarization reverses age-related decrease of spontaneous transmitter release
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Altered Synaptic Development and Active Zone Spacing in Endocytosis Mutants
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Presynaptic dystrophic neurites surrounding amyloid plaques are sites of microtubule disruption, BACE1 elevation, and increased Aβ generation in Alzheimer’s disease
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The developmental stages of synaptic plasticity
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The functional organization of motor nerve terminals
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CaV2.1 α1 Subunit Expression Regulates Presynaptic CaV2.1 Abundance and Synaptic Strength at a Central Synapse
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The Kinesin-3, Unc-104 Regulates Dendrite Morphogenesis and Synaptic Development in Drosophila
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Age-related gene and miRNA expression changes in airways of healthy individuals
Ong, J., Woldhuis, R. R., Boudewijn, I. M., van den Berg, A., Kluiver, J. L., Kok, K., Terpstra, M. M., Guryev, V., de Vries, M., Vermeulen, C. J., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-39873-0 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The synaptic proteome
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Transmitter release site organization can predict synaptic function at the neuromuscular junction
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Authors: Clarke, G. L.
Affiliations: University of Kansas (US)
Corresponding author: Clarke, Gwenaëlle L.
Venue: Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Published: 2012
Volume: 5
Pages: 12-12
ISSN: 1662-5099 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2012.00012
PMC: PMC3305919
OpenAlex: W2070515178
Cited by: 33
References: 154
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4
FWCI: 1.58
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
Locations: Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular transport and secretion
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Keywords: synaptic plasticity, neuromuscular junction, synaptic development, synaptic vesicle release, synaptic efficacy, laminin, voltage-gated calcium channels, amyloid precursor protein, Rab3, synaptojanin, endocytosis, spectrin, beta-adducin, hippocampus, aging

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Presynaptic active zone density during development and synaptic plasticity

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