Gut Microbiota and Immune Modulatory Properties of Human Breast Milk Streptococcus salivarius and S. parasanguinis Strains
Open accessAbstract
Human breast milk Streptococcus spp. are transferred to infant guts via breast feeding, but their effects on the gut microbiota and immunity remain unclear. In this study, we characterized gut microbiota and immune modulatory properties of human breast milk S. salivarius F286 and S. parasanguinis F278 that had been shown to be able to colonize gut. The two Streptococcus strains were orally administered to mouse pups individually at 1 × 10 7 cells/day from postnatal Days 1 to 21. At postnatal week 3 (the weaning period), S. salivarius F286 reduced the colonic microbiota α-diversity, increased 21 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), including bacteria from Akkermansia, Intestinimonas, and Lachnospiraceae, and decreased 52 ASVs, including bacteria from Eubacterium, Bifidobacterium, Escherichia-Shigella, and Turicibacter; however, S. parasanguinis F278 didn't change the colonic microbiota. Both Streptococcus strains reduced the ileal mRNA expression of cytokine/transcription factor representatives of T helper (Th) cells, including IFN-γ (Th1), Gata3 (Th2), and TGF-β (Treg) in 2-week-old suckling mice, and promoted the ileal expression of Foxp3 and TGF-β, which are representatives of anti-inflammatory Treg cells, in 3-week-old weaning mice. The two Streptococcus strains exhibited anti-inflammatory potential when incubated in vitro with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and TNF-α-treated gut epithelial HT29 cells. In C. elegans, both strains activated immune response genes, which was associated with their lifespan-prolonging effects. Our results suggest that S. salivarius F286 and S. parasanguinis F278 may exert regulatory (anti-inflammatory) roles in gut immunity and S. salivarius F286 can modulate gut microbiota, and highlight the probiotic potential of milk S. salivarius and S. parasanguinis strains.
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The adhesion capacity to the epithelium provides for the ability of bacterial strains to continue their antimicrobial activities over time by maintaining their presence in the host.
“Furthermore, the adhesion capacity to the epithelium provides for the ability of bacterial strains to continue their antimicrobial activities over time by maintaining their presence in the host [14, 15].”
From EVALUATION OF ADHESIVE AND AGGREGATION PROPERTIES OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM DIFFERENT BIOTOPES (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
The Results section on C. elegans reports increased expression of antimicrobial peptide genes, and the HT29-cell Results section reports anti-inflammatory effects. Neither addresses epithelial adhesion or whether adhesion maintains bacterial presence and antimicrobial activity over time. Searches for adhesion, adherence, and colonization found no passage establishing that link. (LLM, conf=0.77)
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Gut Microbiota Signature of Obese Adults Across Different Classifications
Hu, J., Guo, P., Mao, R., Ren, Z., Wen, J., Yang, Q., Tong, Y., Yu, J., Zhang, T., & Liu, Y. (2022) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s387523 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Regulatory effects of oral microbe on intestinal microbiota and the illness
Lu, Y., Li, Z., & Peng, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2023.1093967 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Association of gut microbiota and SCFAs with finishing weight of Diannan small ear pigs
Lan, Q., Lian, Y., Peng, P., Yang, L., Zhao, H., Huang, P., Ma, H., Wei, H., Yin, Y., & Liu, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1117965 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Human Breast Milk: A Source of Potential Probiotic Candidates
D’Alessandro, M., Parolin, C., Patrignani, S., Sottile, G., Antonazzo, P. G. M., Vitali, B., Lanciotti, R., & Patrignani, F. (2022) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms10071279 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The influence of air pollution on skin microbiome: a link to skin barrier dysfunction
Boonpethkaew, S., Charoensuksira, S., Meephansan, J., Sirithanabadeekul, P., Chueachavalit, C., Ingkaninanda, P., Visedthorn, S., Chanchaem, P., Sivapornnukul, P., & Payungporn, S. (2024) · Archives of Dermatological Research · doi:10.1007/s00403-024-03448-5 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Wang, H., Bi, H. C., Yang, M., Wang, X., Song, C., Yang, W., Wang, Y., Xie, D., Li, H., & Zhou, Z. (2023) · Hematology · doi:10.1080/16078454.2023.2277501 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationGut microbiota profile of COVID-19 patients: Prognosis and risk stratification (MicroCOVID-19 study)
Nobre, J. G., Delgadinho, M., Silva, C., Mendes, J., Mateus, V., Ribeiro, E., Costa, D. A., Lopes, M., Pedroso, A. I., Trigueiros, F., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.1035422 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Power, M. L., Muletz‐Wolz, C. R., & Bornbusch, S. L. (2024) · Reproduction and Fertility · doi:10.1530/raf-23-0056 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Streptococcus raffinosi sp. nov., isolated from human breast milk samples
Nguyen, H. V., Trinh, A., Bui, L. N. H., Hoang, A. T., Tran, Q. T. T., & Trung, T. T. (2024) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY · doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.006442 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Bras, C. L., Rault, L., Jacquet, N., Daniel, N., Chuat, V., Valence, F., Bellanger, A., Bousarghin, L., Blat, S., Loir, Y. L., et al. (2024) · ISME Communications · doi:10.1093/ismeco/ycad019 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Garcı́a, G., Soto, J., Díaz, A., Penié, J. B., Soto, C., Pérez, A. B., Carbó, S. B., Gutiérrez, Á., & Cano, R. J. (2024) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms12122584 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Human Milk Microbiome from Polish Women Giving Birth via Vaginal Delivery—Pilot Study
Chrustek, A., Dombrowska-Pali, A., Olszewska-Słonina, D. M., Wiktorczyk-Kapischke, N., Socha, M. W., Budzyńska, A., & Sadowska-Krawczenko, I. (2025) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology14040332 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Abdelbary, M. M. H., Hatting, M., Dahlhausen, A., Bott, A., & Conrads, G. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252413507 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Williams, M. D., & Smith, L. (2025) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms13030555 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Bras, C. L., Mouchard, A., Rault, L., Cochet, M., Ménard, O., Jacquet, N., Chuat, V., Valence, F., Loir, Y. L., Bellanger, A., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-95668-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Zhang, L., Tan, J. T., Ng, H. Y., Liao, Y., Zhang, R., Chan, K., Hung, I. F., Lam, T. T., & Cheung, K. S. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12080916 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Bras, C. L., Randuineau, G., Cahu, A., Dahirel, P., Guérin, S., Janvier, R., Rome, V., Rault, L., Maillard, M.-B., Bellanger, A., et al. (2026) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.00106-26 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Zhou, Y., Zhao, J., Ross, R. P., Stanton, C., Chen, W., & Yang, B. K. (2025) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY · doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.006674 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cheng, J., Cho, J., & Suh, J. (2024) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics13100964 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Marinova-Yordanova, V., Kizheva, Y., Rasheva, I., & Hristova, P. (2025) · Journal of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy · doi:10.59957/jctm.v60.i6.2025.8
“Furthermore, the adhesion capacity to the epithelium provides for the ability of bacterial strains to continue their antimicrobial activities over time by maintaining their presence in the host [14, 15].”
Altered intestinal flora in patients with primary immune thrombocytopeniaPreprint
Wang, H., Bi, H. C., Yang, M., Wang, X., Song, C., Yang, W., Wang, Y., Xie, D., Li, H., & Zhou, Z. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1827887/v1
Self-citationNzingula, O., Tshimpangila, J. D., Mulwahali, J. W., Kabututu, P. Z., Biakas, P., & Masumu, J. M. (2023) · Journal of Biosciences and Medicines · doi:10.4236/jbm.2023.112022
Hong, Z., He, A., Huang, G., Chen, X., Wang, X., Li, X., Chen, H., Zhao, X., Xu, Y., Xu, Y., et al. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.07.29.24311128
Self-citationHan, Y., Zhang, H., & Zhang, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Microbiomes · doi:10.3389/frmbi.2026.1785707
Gonzales-Rodríguez, A. O., Gonzales-Huerta, L. E., Chero, P. A. W., Vera, L. E., Uceda-Campos, G., & Reale, F. A. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0352428
- Authors
- Li, S., Li, N., Wang, C., Zhao, Y., Cao, J., Li, X., Zhang, Z., Li, Y., Yang, X., Wang, X., Che, C., Zhao, Y., Wang, L., Zhao, L., & Shen, J.
- Affiliations
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
- Anhui Science and Technology University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Shen, Jian
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Nutrition
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2022-02-22
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 798403-798403
- ISSN
- 2296-861X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8901577
- OpenAlex
- W4213045661
- Cited by
- 26
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4
- FWCI
- 1.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Keywords
- breast milk, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus parasanguinis, gut microbiota, immunomodulation, probiotics, anti-inflammatory activity, regulatory T cells, Akkermansia, Foxp3, lifespan extension, Caenorhabditis elegans, infant gut colonization
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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