Feeding Problems Including Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder in Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder in a Multiethnic Population
Open accessAbstract
We examined feeding problems, including Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID), in preschool children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Data were collected from a prospective longitudinal study of 46 children with ASD in a multiethnic, low resource area in Gothenburg, Sweden. Feeding problems were found in 76% of the children with ASD, and in 28%, the criteria for ARFID were met. The study highlights early onset age, the heterogeneity of feeding problems, and the need for multidisciplinary assessments in ASD as well as in feeding problems, and also the need for further elaboration of feeding disorder classifications in children.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Patients with ASD often exhibit a high incidence of selective eating patterns such as food neophobia and food selectivity, which are components of ARFID.
“Moreover, patients with ASD often exhibit a high incidence of selective eating patterns, such as food neophobia and food selectivity, which are both components of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) [7,8].”
From Unraveling the Connections: Eating Issues, Microbiome, and Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [8]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition
(2013) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.893619 · Cited by 4,390 · see citing works
Behavioral manifestations of autism in the first year of life
Zwaigenbaum, L., Bryson, S., Rogers, T., Roberts, W., Brian, J., & Szatmari, P. (2005) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.05.001 · Cited by 1,602 · see citing works
Buie, T., Campbell, D. B., Fuchs, G. J., Furuta, G. T., Levy, J., VandeWater, J., Whitaker, A. H., Atkins, D., Bauman, M. L., Beaudet, A. L., et al. (2010) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2009-1878c · Cited by 872 · see citing works
Gillberg, C. (2010) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2010.06.002 · Cited by 742 · cited 4× · see citing works
“The ESSENCE Questionnaire (ESSENCE-Q) was developed as a brief screener to identify children with neurodevelopmental difficulties who might have neurodevelopmental disorders (30, 59) (Supplement Material 1).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationSharp, W. G., Berry, R. C., McCracken, C., Nuhu, N. N., Marvel, E., Saulnier, C. A., Klin, A., Jones, W., & Jaquess, D. L. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1771-5 · Cited by 643 · see citing works
Goday, P. S., Huh, S. Y., Silverman, A. H., Lukens, C. T., Dodrill, P., Cohen, S. S., Delaney, A. L., Feuling, M. B., Noel, R. J., Gisel, E. G., et al. (2018) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000002188 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
Gastrointestinal Problems in Children with Autism, Developmental Delays or Typical Development
Chaidez, V., Hansen, R. L., & Hertz-Picciotto, I. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1973-x · Cited by 528 · see citing works
A prospective case series of high-risk infants who developed autism
Bryson, S. E., Zwaigenbaum, L., Brian, J., Roberts, W., Szatmari, P., Rombough, V., & McDermott, C. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0328-2 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Feeding and eating disorders in childhood
Bryant‐Waugh, R., Markham, L., Kreipe, R. E., & Walsh, B. T. (2010) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20795 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Feeding Problems in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review
Ledford, J. R., & Gast, D. L. (2006) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/10883576060210030401 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Howlin, P. (2011) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2011.00603_2.x · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Hemmi, M., Dieter Wolke, C., & Schneider, S. (2011) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.2010.191312 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
The onset of autism: patterns of symptom emergence in the first years of life
Ozonoff, S., Heung, K., Byrd, R., Hansen, R., & Hertz‐Picciotto, I. (2008) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.53 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Trajectories of picky eating during childhood: A general population study
Cano, S. C., Tiemeier, H. W., van Hoeken, D., Tharner, A., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Albert Hofman, D., Verhulst, F. C., & Hoek, H. W. (2015) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22384 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Mitchell, G. L., Farrow, C. V., Haycraft, E., & Meyer, C. (2012) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2012.09.014 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Early-onset restrictive eating disturbances in primary school boys and girls
Kurz, S., Dyck, Z. V., Dremmel, D., Munsch, S., & Hilbert, A. (2014) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-014-0622-z · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Soke, G. N., Maenner, M. J., Christensen, D., Kurzius-Spencer, M., & Schieve, L. A. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3521-1 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Association of Sensory Processing and Eating Problems in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Nadon, G., Feldman, D. E., Dunn, W., & Gisel, E. G. (2011) · Autism Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2011/541926 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
McCormick, C. E. B., Hepburn, S., Young, G. S., & Rogers, S. J. (2015) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361315599755 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Pediatric Feeding Disorder: A Nationwide Prevalence Study
Kovačić, K., Rein, L., Szabó, A., Kommareddy, S., Bhagavatula, P., & Goday, P. S. (2020) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.07.047 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Early Identification and Interventions for Autism Spectrum Disorder: Executive Summary
Zwaigenbaum, L., Bauman, M. L., Choueiri, R., FEIN, D. A., Kasari, C. L., Pierce, K., Stone, W. L., Yirmiya, N., Estes, A. M., Hansen, R. L., et al. (2015) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2014-3667b · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Chen, W. J., Lin, K., Shen, L., & Gau, S. S. (2019) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796018000793 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Norris, M. L., Spettigue, W. J., Hammond, N. G., Katzman, D. K., Zucker, N. L., Yelle, K., Santos, A., Gray, M., & Obeid, N. (2017) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22814 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Kambanis, P. E., Kuhnle, M. C., Wons, O. B., Jo, J. H., Keshishian, A. C., Hauser, K., Becker, K. R., Franko, D. L., Misra, M., Micali, N., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23191 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Dovey, T. M., Kumari, V., & Blissett, J. (2019) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.06.008 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Provost, B., Crowe, T. K., Osbourn, P. L., McClain, C., & SKIPPER, B. J. (2010) · Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics · doi:10.3109/01942631003757669 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Schmid, G., Schreier, A., Meyer, R., & Dieter Wolke, C. (2009) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01572.x · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Aldinger, K. A., Lane, C. J., Veenstra‐VanderWeele, J., & Levitt, P. (2015) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1492 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Lefter, R., Ciobica, A., Timofte, D., Stanciu, C., & Trifan, A. (2019) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina56010011 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Restrepo, B., Angkustsiri, K., Taylor, S. L., Rogers, S. J., Cabral, J., Heath, B. E., Hechtman, A., Solomon, M., Ashwood, P., Amaral, D. G., et al. (2020) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2354 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Early Infant Development and Intervention for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Sacrey, L.-A. R., Bennett, J., & Zwaigenbaum, L. (2015) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/0883073815601500 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Nygren, G., Cederlund, M., Sandberg, E., Gillstedt, F., Arvidsson, T., Gillberg, I. C., Andersson, G. W., & Gillberg, C. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1391-x · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationEddy, K. T., Harshman, S. G., Becker, K. R., Bern, E., Bryant‐Waugh, R., Hilbert, A., Katzman, D. K., Lawson, E. A., Manzo, L. D., Menzel, J., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23042 · Cited by 100 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The challenge in differential diagnosis and the need to consider developmental stage and context of feeding when considering ARFID diagnosis has recently been highlighted by the ARFID workgroup (54).”
BackgroundMethodReilly, E. E., Brown, T. A., Gray, E., Kaye, W. H., & Menzel, J. E. (2019) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2670 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
MacDuffie, K. E., Shen, M. D., Dager, S. R., Styner, M. A., Kim, S. H., Paterson, S., Pandey, J., John, T. S., Elison, J. T., Wolff, J. J., et al. (2020) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19060666 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Estimating the Prevalence and Genetic Risk Mechanisms of ARFID in a Large Autism Cohort
Koomar, T., Thomas, T. R., Pottschmidt, N. R., Lutter, M., & Michaelson, J. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.668297 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Farag, F., Sims, A., Strudwick, K., Carrasco, J., Waters, A., Ford, V., Hopkins, J., Whitlingum, G., Absoud, M., & Kelly, V. B. (2022) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.14977 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Coexisting Disorders and Problems in Preschool Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Carlsson, L. H., Norrelgen, F., Kjellmer, L., Westerlund, J., Gillberg, C., & Fernell, E. (2013) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1155/2013/213979 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationGreenlee, J. L., Mosley, A. S., Shui, A. M., Veenstra-VanderWeele, J. M., & Gotham, K. O. (2016) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2015-2851i · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Dieter Wolke, C., Meyer, R., Ohrt, B., & Riegel, K. P. (1995) · Early Development and Parenting · doi:10.1002/edp.2430040405 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Sharp, W. G., & Stubbs, K. H. (2019) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22987 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Problems of feeding, sleeping and excessive crying in infancy: a general population study
Olsen, A. L., Ammitzbøll, J., Olsen, E. M., & Skovgaard, A. M. (2019) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2019-316851 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Infant Regulation and Child Mental Health Concerns: A Longitudinal Study
Cook, F., Giallo, R., Hiscock, H., Mensah, F. K., Sánchez, K., & Reilly, S. (2019) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2018-0977 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Developmental Trajectories of Feeding Problems in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Peverill, S., Smith, I. M., Duku, E., Szatmári, P., Mirenda, P., Vaillancourt, T., Volden, J., Zwaigenbaum, L., Bennett, T. A., Elsabbagh, M., et al. (2019) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsz033 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Dinkler, L., Yasumitsu‐Lovell, K., Eitoku, M., Fujieda, M., Suganuma, N., Hatakenaka, Y., Hadjikhani, N. K., Bryant‐Waugh, R., Råstam, M., & Gillberg, C. (2021) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105735 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationAutism before diagnosis: crying, feeding and sleeping problems in the first two years of life
Olsson, M. B., Carlsson, L. H., Westerlund, J., Gillberg, C., & Fernell, E. (2013) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.12229 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationBilgin, A., & Wolke, D. (2017) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2017.04.002 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Gray, H. L., Sinha, S., Buro, A. W., Robinson, C., Berkman, K. A., Agazzi, H. C., & Shaffer‐Hudkins, E. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10121867 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Children with autism spectrum disorders – The importance of medical investigations
Isaksen, J., Bryn, V., Diseth, T. H., Heiberg, A., Schjølberg, S., & Skjeldal, O. H. (2012) · European Journal of Paediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2012.08.004 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Pearce, A., Rougeaux, E., & Law, C. (2015) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-015-0187-6 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Fernell, E., Hatakenaka, Y., Sakaguchi, M., Ninomiya, H., Fukunaga, I., & Gillberg, C. (2016) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s108411 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationFranchini, M., Hamodat, T., Armstrong, V. L., Sacrey, L.-A. R., Brian, J. A., Bryson, S. E., Garon, N., Roberts, W., Zwaigenbaum, L., & Smith, I. M. (2018) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-018-0471-1 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The Biology of the Autistic Syndromes
RITVO, E. R. (1986) · Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0002-7138(09)60243-0 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Schmidt, R., Vogel, M., Hiemisch, A., Kieß, W., & Hilbert, A. (2018) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2018.04.030 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Gonçalves, S. F., Vieira, A. I., Machado, B. C., Costa, R. P. D. O., Pinheiro, J., & Conceição, E. (2018) · Children s Health Care · doi:10.1080/02739615.2018.1532796 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The BASIS Team, Bedford, R., Gliga, T., Hendry, A. J., Jones, E. J. H., Pasco, G., Charman, T., Johnson, M. H., & Pickles, A. R. (2019) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-019-9274-0 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Linnsand, P., Gillberg, C., Nilses, Å., Hagberg, B. S., & Nygren, G. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04563-8 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationNilses, Å., Jingrot, M., Linnsand, P., Gillberg, C., & Nygren, G. (2019) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s221908 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationShan, H., Li, F. R., Zhang, J., Wang, H., & Li, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2021.671631 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [22]Wing L. Early Childhood Autism. 2nd Edition. Oxford: Pergamon Press. (1980).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Keski-Rahkonen, A., & Ruusunen, A. (2023) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000896 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Tomaszek, N., Urbaniak, A. D., Bałdyga, D., Chwesiuk, K., Modzelewski, S., & Waszkiewicz, N. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17030486 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
- Authors
- Nygren, G., Linnsand, P., Hermansson, J., Dinkler, L., Johansson, M., & Gillberg, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Linnsand, Petra
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Pediatrics
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2021-12-13
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 780680-780680
- ISSN
- 2296-2360 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8710696
- OpenAlex
- W4200088754
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 4
- FWCI
- 5.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Pediatrics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- G�teborgs Universitet
- Kempe Foundation
- V�stra G�talandsregionen
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- feeding difficulties, avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, autism spectrum disorder, preschool children, young children, feeding disorders, multidisciplinary assessment, multi-ethnic population
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
