Gastrointestinal Problems in Children with Autism, Developmental Delays or Typical Development
Open accessAbstract
To compare gastrointestinal (GI) problems among children with: (1) autism spectrum disorder (ASD), (2) developmental delay (DD) and (3) typical development (TD), GI symptom frequencies were obtained for 960 children from the CHildhood Autism Risks from Genetics and Environment (CHARGE) study. We also examined scores on five Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) subscales comparing ASD children with high versus low frequency GI symptoms. Compared to TD children, those with ASD [aOR 7.92 (4.89-12.85)] and DD [aOR 4.55 (2.51-8.24)] were more likely to have at least one frequent GI symptom. Restricting to ASD children, those with frequent abdominal pain, gaseousness, diarrhea, constipation or pain on stooling scored worse on irritability, social withdrawal, stereotypy, and hyperactivity compared with children having no frequent GI symptoms. Frequent GI problems affect young children with ASD and DD more commonly than those with TD. Maladaptive behaviors correlate with GI problems, suggesting these comorbidities require attention.
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Symptoms of gut dysfunction such as irritable bowel syndrome, chronic diarrhea, and/or constipation are found in 23-70% of patients with ASD.
“In addition, symptoms of gut dysfunction such as irritable bowel syndrome, chronic diarrhea, and/or constipation are found in 23–70% of patients with ASD (Chaidez et al., 2014).”
From Microbiome–microglia connections via the gut–brain axis (2019) · cites this paper as Chaidez et al., 2014
These MIA offspring also exhibit increased intestinal permeability and intestinal inflammation, two GI symptoms commonly found in children with ASD.
“These MIA offspring also exhibit increased intestinal permeability and intestinal inflammation, two GI symptoms commonly found in children with ASD (Hsiao et al., 2013; Chaidez et al., 2014).”
From Microbiome–microglia connections via the gut–brain axis (2019) · cites this paper as Chaidez et al., 2014
Gastrointestinal disturbances affect up to 70% of children with ASD, making them one of the most prevalent problems of this condition.
“Gastrointestinal disturbances affect up to 70% of children with ASD, making them one of the most prevalent problems of this condition [100].”
From Unraveling the Connections: Eating Issues, Microbiome, and Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [100]
Fecal microbiome profiles are most divergent in ASD subjects with GI dysfunction.
“Fecal microbiome profiles are most divergent in ASD subjects with GI dysfunction, a common comorbidity of autism (Chaidez et al., 2014; Gorrindo et al., 2012).”
From Human Gut Microbiota from Autism Spectrum Disorder Promote Behavioral Symptoms in Mice (2019) · cites this paper as Chaidez et al., 2014
The high prevalence of GI dysfunction and evidence of immune imbalance suggest microbiota involvement in ASD.
“The high prevalence of GI dysfunction (Adams et al., 2011; Chaidez et al., 2014; McElhanon et al., 2014), along with evidence of immune imbalance (Onore et al., 2012), further suggest microbiota involvement in ASD.”
From Human Gut Microbiota from Autism Spectrum Disorder Promote Behavioral Symptoms in Mice (2019) · cites this paper as Chaidez et al., 2014
At least 50% of children with ASD have inadequate micronutrient intake compared to NT children.
“They also find that at least 50% of children with ASD have inadequate micronutrient intake compared to NT children.”
From Food Selectivity and Its Implications Associated with Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (2022) · cites this paper as [61]
Molina-López et al. report a higher presence of obesity and altered body composition (excess body fat) in children with ASD who present food selectivity.
“Molina-López et al. report a higher presence of obesity and altered body composition (excess body fat) in children with ASD who present FS [61].”
From Food Selectivity and Its Implications Associated with Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (2022) · cites this paper as [61]
Molina-López et al. and Sharp et al. (2018) show associations between metabolic alterations, such as being overweight or underweight, and food selectivity in children with ASD.
“Unfortunately, both Molina-López et al. [61] and Sharp et al. (2018) [9] show associations between metabolic alterations, such as being overweight or underweight, with FS.”
From Food Selectivity and Its Implications Associated with Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (2022) · cites this paper as [61]
Children with ASD who experience GI symptoms also have co-occurring externalizing problems, including increased irritability compared to those with ASD and no GI symptoms.
“Children with ASD who experience GI symptoms also have co-occurring externalizing problems, as studies have shown that children with ASD with co-occurring GI symptoms had increased irritability when compared to those with ASD and no GI symptoms (5, 6).”
A variety of GI issues commonly occur in ASD, including lower GI symptoms (constipation, diarrhea) and upper GI symptoms (nausea and vomiting, stomach aches and pains).
“A variety of gastrointestinal (GI) issues commonly occur in ASD, including lower GI symptoms (i.e., constipation, diarrhea) and upper GI symptoms (i.e., nausea and vomiting, stomach aches and pains) (2–10), but the etiology is poorly understood.”
Many studies suggest an increased prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) problems in individuals with ASD relative to typically-developing individuals, especially for constipation.
“Many studies suggest an increased prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) problems in individuals with ASD relative to typically-developing individuals (McElhanon et al., 2014; Chaidez et al., 2014), especially for constipation”
From Associations between cytokines, endocrine stress response, and gastrointestinal symptoms in autism spectrum disorder (2016) · cites this paper as Chaidez et al., 2014
Children with ASD who experience abdominal pain, gas, diarrhea and constipation have more irritability, social withdrawal and hyperactivity compared to those without the GI issues.
“Children with ASD who experience abdominal pain, gas, diarrhea and constipation have more irritability, social withdrawal and hyperactivity compared to those without the GI issues 37.”
From Gastrointestinal Issues and Autism Spectrum Disorder (2020) · cites this paper as [37]
Maladaptive disorders such as irritability and social withdrawal have been associated with GI dysfunction in ASD.
“In addition to psychiatric comorbidities, maladaptive disorders, such as irritability and social withdrawal, have also been associated with GI dysfunction in ASD 37.”
From Gastrointestinal Issues and Autism Spectrum Disorder (2020) · cites this paper as [37]
Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are more prevalent in children with ASD than in controls, with constipation most commonly reported.
“Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are more prevalent in children with ASD than in controls, with constipation most commonly reported (Aldinger et al. 2015; Chaidez et al. 2014; Chandler et al. 2013; Gorrindo et al. 2012; Ibrahim et al. 2009; McElhanon et al. 2014).”
From Brief Report: Whole Blood Serotonin Levels and Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2016) · cites this paper as Chaidez et al. 2014
Gastrointestinal problems, including constipation, abdominal pain, gaseousness, diarrhea, and flatulence, are common symptoms associated with ASD in a prevalence range from 23% to 70%.
“Gastrointestinal (GI) problems, including constipation, abdominal pain, gaseousness, diarrhea, and flatulence, are common symptoms associated with ASD in a prevalence range from 23% to 70% (4, 6–8).”
From Association Between Gut Microbiota and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2019) · cites this paper as [6]
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- Authors
- Chaidez, V., Hansen, R. L., & Hertz-Picciotto, I.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chaidez, Virginia
- ORCID
- Chaidez, Virginia
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2013-11-06
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1117-1127
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- PMC
- PMC3981895
- OpenAlex
- W2099390528
- Cited by
- 528
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 79 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 9.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Lincoln (University of Nebraska) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Autism Speaks (AS7567)
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (R-829388, R-833292)
- National Institutes of Health (ES11269)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (1 P01-ES11269, 2P01-ES11269, R01ES015359, P01ES011269)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- gastrointestinal symptoms, autism spectrum disorder, developmental delay, abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, irritability, stereotypy, hyperactivity, social withdrawal, comorbidities, CHARGE study, young children
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, Child, Child Development, Developmental Disabilities, Child, Preschool, Female, Gastrointestinal Diseases, Humans, Male
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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