A descriptive review on the prevalence of gastrointestinal disturbances and their multiple associations in autism spectrum disorder
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Background and Objectives: Gastrointestinal disturbances have been frequently, but not unanimously, reported in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) individuals. Thus, digestive symptoms, such as constipation, diarrhea, abdominal bloating, and pain have been reported to correlate to the various maladaptive behaviors in ASD children, such as irritability, social withdrawal, stereotypy, hyperactivity, and even language regression. In this context, the present study provides an overview on the prevalence of the gastrointestinal (GI) disorders in ASD and the correlation between these and ASD symptoms and comorbidities and subsequently discusses the metabolic and microbiome factors underlying the effects of GI disorders in ASD. Materials and Methods: For our analysis of GI symptoms in children with ASD, we have searched peer-reviewed journals from 2005 to 2017 in PubMed databases that addressed the specificity of GI symptoms in ASD and included correlations of GI and ASD symptoms. The criteria for inclusion were clear quantitative mentioning of GI modifications, GI symptoms correlation with specific ASD symptoms or comorbidities, an appropriate methodology for defining ASD, and larger size samples. For this topic, only studies on human patients and original research were considered. A subsequent search in PubMed databases in journals from 2000 to 2017 we analyzed 13 articles on the mechanisms underlying the impact of GI dysfunctions in ASD, including gut microbial dysbiosis, immune reactivity, genetics, and altered neurotransmitters on the gut–brain axis. Results: In the 18 original research studies that we selected out of an initial 327 studies, despite the different methodology, a predominant 83% highlighted the increased prevalence of GI symptoms in ASD patients. Constipation was most frequently cited, appearing in 12 of the studies (80%), followed by diarrhea reports in eight studies (53%). The association between cognitive and behavioral deficits and GI disorders was suggested in certain groups of ASD individuals. Conclusion: The evidence presented so far by numerous studies seems to indicate that GI dysfunctions are of particular relevance in ASD, underlined by various abnormalities along the nervous connections between the central nervous system and the gut, such as impaired parasympathetic activity and increased endocrine stress response. Sufficiently large size samples and standardized methodology are required for future studies to clarify the complex interactions between GI disturbances and ASD symptoms.
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Offspring from MIA dams showed intestinal microbial dysbiosis with 67 different OTUs compared to the control group, dysregulation of intestinal barrier integrity with increased permeability, and alteration in their metabolomic profile.
“Interestingly, offspring coming from MIA dams showed intestinal microbial dysbiosis with 67 different OTUs compared to the control group, dysregulation of the intestinal barrier integrity with increased permeability, as reported already in children affected by ASD (189), and alteration in their metabolomic profile (20).”
From The gut-brain axis: how microbiota and host inflammasome influence brain physiology and pathology (2020) · cites this paper as [189]
Constipation has an essential impact on the exacerbation of, or increase in, behavioral and neurological symptoms.
“It should be noted that constipation has an essential impact on the exacerbation of, or increase in, behavioral and neurological symptoms [6,7].”
From Food Selectivity and Its Implications Associated with Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
It is difficult to calculate the statistical significance of GID between ASD and NT children, but genetic heterogeneity, phenotypic manifestation, and clinical definition of GIS are just a few reasons.
“It is difficult to calculate the statistical significance of GID between ASD and NT children, but genetic heterogeneity, phenotypic manifestation, and clinical definition of GIS are just a few reasons [7].”
From Food Selectivity and Its Implications Associated with Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
GID are one of the most frequent problems in children with ASD, with a three-fold increased risk of presenting any GIS, compared to NT children.
“GID are one of the most frequent problems in children with ASD, with a three-fold increased risk of presenting any GIS, compared to NT children [7].”
From Food Selectivity and Its Implications Associated with Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
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The gut-brain axis: how microbiota and host inflammasome influence brain physiology and pathology
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- Authors
- Lefter, R., Ciobica, A., Timofte, D., Stanciu, C., & Trifan, A.
- Affiliations
- Alexandru Ioan Cuza University (RO)
- Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy (RO)
- Academia Română, Filiala Iași (RO)
- Corresponding author
- Timofte, Daniel
- Venue
- Medicina
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-12-27
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 11
- ISSN
- 1010-660X (ISSN-L)
- 1648-9144
- PMC
- PMC7023358
- OpenAlex
- W2998690493
- Cited by
- 120
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 7
- FWCI
- 1.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Medicina (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- UEFISCDI (PN II PN-II-RU-TE-2014-4-1886)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, gastrointestinal diseases, constipation, diarrhea, gut dysbiosis, gut-brain axis, autism comorbidity, behavioral symptoms, immunoreactivity, neurotransmitters, parasympathetic activity, endocrine stress response, microbiome
- MeSH terms
- Problem Behavior, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Correlation of Data, Constipation, Diarrhea, Gastrointestinal Diseases, Humans, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Genetic Diseases, Inborn
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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