Cognitive fitness modulates gender differences in sleep and mental health among competitive athletes under chronic stress
Open accessAbstract
Objectives: Mental fitness is increasingly considered a key component of an athlete’s competitive arsenal. Active domains of mental fitness include cognitive fitness, sleep, and mental health; and these domains can differ between men and women athletes. Our study investigated the associations of cognitive fitness and gender to sleep and mental health, and the interaction between cognitive fitness and gender on sleep and mental health, in competitive athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: 82 athletes competing at levels from regional/state to international (49% women, M-age = 23.3 years) completed measures of self-control, intolerance of uncertainty, and impulsivity (together representing constructs of cognitive fitness), items about sleep (total sleep time, sleep latency, and mid-sleep time on free days) and a measure of mental health (depression, anxiety, and stress). Results: Women athletes reported lower self-control, higher intolerance of uncertainty, and higher positive urgency impulsivity compared with men athletes. Women reported sleeping later, but this gender difference disappeared after controlling for cognitive fitness. Women athletes—after controlling for cognitive fitness—reported higher depression, anxiety, and stress. Across genders, higher self-control was associated with lower depression, and lower intolerance of uncertainty was associated with lower anxiety. Higher sensation seeking was associated with lower depression and stress, and higher premeditation was associated with greater total sleep time and anxiety. Higher perseverance was associated with higher depression for men—but not women—athletes. Conclusion: Women athletes in our sample reported poorer cognitive fitness and mental health compared to men athletes. Most cognitive fitness factors protected competitive athletes under chronic stress, but some exposed them to poorer mental health. Future work should examine the sources of gender differences. Our findings suggest a need to develop tailored interventions aimed at improving athlete wellbeing, with a particular focus on women athletes.
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Only limited studies have investigated the role of intolerance of uncertainty in sleep disturbances.
“Only limited studies have investigated the role of intolerance of uncertainty in sleep disturbances [15, 38, 67, 68].”
From Insomnia is more likely to persist than remit after a time of stress and uncertainty: a longitudinal cohort study examining trajectories and predictors of insomnia symptoms (2024) · cites this paper as [38]
The Discussion (section 4.1; page unavailable) says prior studies of sleep and mental health in competitive athletes examined those outcomes in isolation from cognitive fitness, which includes intolerance of uncertainty in this paper. That supports a narrower research gap, but not the broader claim that only limited studies have investigated intolerance of uncertainty in sleep disturbances generally. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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- Authors
- Mascaro, L., Drummond, S. P. A., Leota, J., Boardman, J. M., Hoffman, D., Rajaratnam, S. M. W., Aidman, E., & Facer-Childs, E. R.
- Affiliations
- Monash University (AU)
- Australian Football League (AU)
- Defence Science and Technology Group (AU)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Physiology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2023-03-08
- Volume
- 14
- Pages
- 1118822-1118822
- ISSN
- 1664-042X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10031072
- OpenAlex
- W4323566895
- Cited by
- 10
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3
- FWCI
- 4.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Physiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, Australian Government (ICG000899 ICG001546)
- Science and Industry Endowment Fund (SIEF Ross Metcalf STEM + Business Fellowship administered by the Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation)
- Defence Science and Technology Group
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- cognitive fitness, gender differences, athletes, sleep, mental health, chronic stress, self-control, intolerance of uncertainty, impulsivity, depression, anxiety, sensation seeking, perseverance, premeditation, COVID-19 pandemic, athlete well-being
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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