Prediction of Turn-Ends Based on Anticipation of Upcoming Words
Open accessAbstract
During conversation listeners have to perform several tasks simultaneously. They have to comprehend their interlocutor's turn, while also having to prepare their own next turn. Moreover, a careful analysis of the timing of natural conversation reveals that next speakers also time their turns very precisely. This is possible only if listeners can predict accurately when the speaker's turn is going to end. But how are people able to predict when a turn-ends? We propose that people know when a turn-ends, because they know how it ends. We conducted a gating study to examine if better turn-end predictions coincide with more accurate anticipation of the last words of a turn. We used turns from an earlier button-press experiment where people had to press a button exactly when a turn-ended. We show that the proportion of correct guesses in our experiment is higher when a turn's end was estimated better in time in the button-press experiment. When people were too late in their anticipation in the button-press experiment, they also anticipated more words in our gating study. We conclude that people made predictions in advance about the upcoming content of a turn and used this prediction to estimate the duration of the turn. We suggest an economical model of turn-end anticipation that is based on anticipation of words and syntactic frames in comprehension.
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Laboratory studies where participants pressed a button as soon as they thought a turn had ended have shown that listeners are sensitive to such cues and can use them to anticipate ends of turns, rather than respond to them.
“Laboratory studies where participants were asked to press a button as soon as they thought a turn had ended have shown that listeners are sensitive to such cues and can use them to anticipate ends of turns, rather than respond to them”
From Timing in Conversation (2023) · cites this paper as Magyari & de Ruiter, 2012
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Corps, R. E., Gambi, C., & Pickering, M. J. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0000759 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Torreira, F., & Bögels, S. (2022) · Journal of Phonetics · doi:10.1016/j.wocn.2022.101175 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Vos, C. D., Casillas, M., Uittenbogert, T., Crasborn, O. A., & Levinson, S. C. (2022) · Language · doi:10.1353/lan.2021.0085 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Preisig, B. C., Eggenberger, N., Zito, G. A., Vanbellingen, T., Schumacher, R., Hopfner, S., Gutbrod, K., Nyffeler, T., Cazzoli, D., Annoni, J., et al. (2016) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00983 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Cox, C. M. M., Fusaroli, R., Nielsen, Y. A., Cho, S., Rocca, R., Simonsen, A., Knox, A., Lyons, M., Liberman, M., Cieri, C., et al. (2025) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.70124 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…turns lies at approximately 59–200 ms (Dingemanse & Liesenfeld, 2022; Levinson, 2016; Stivers et al., 2009), which is too fast to rely on reactive planning and production after the end of the previous turn (Magyari, Bastiaansen, De Ruiter, & Levinson, 2014; Magyari & De Ruiter, 2012).”
InfluentialPlanning when to say: Dissociating cue use in utterance initiation using cross-validation.
Brehm, L. E., & Meyer, A. S. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0001012 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Influences of semantic and syntactic incongruence on readiness potential in turn-end anticipation
Wesselmeier, H., Jansen, S., & Müller, H. M. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00296 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 27 May 2014 doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00296”
InfluentialCan Language Models Trained on Written Monologue Learn to Predict Spoken Dialogue?
Umair, M., Mertens, J. B., Warnke, L., & de Ruiter, J. P. (2024) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.70013 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Krause, P. A., & Kawamoto, A. H. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.684248 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Knowing when to respond: the role of visual information in conversational turn exchanges
Latif, N., Alsius, A., & Munhall, K. G. (2017) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-017-1428-0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Most studies investigating turn timing report anticipatory responses to auditory turn exchanges that occur significantly prior to the end of the turn using tasks similar to the one used here (e.g., 200 ms in advance; de Ruiter et al., 2006, Magyari & de Ruiter, 2012).”
MethodCognitive and social delays in the initiation of conversational repair
Mertens, J. B., & de Ruiter, J. P. (2021) · Dialogue & Discourse · doi:10.5210/dad.2021.102 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cosper, S. H., & Pika, S. (2025) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-025-02749-8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“This supports the notion that spontaneous turn-taking predictions may not simply be the prediction of the ending of a turn, but rather what occurs thereinafter (Bögels & Torreira, 2015; Casillas & Frank, 2017; de Ruiter et al., 2006; Keitel et al., 2013; Magyari & de Ruiter, 2012).”
Visual bodily signals and conversational context benefit the anticipation of turn ends
ter Bekke, M., Levinson, S. C., van Otterdijk, L., Kühn, M., & Holler, J. (2024) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105806 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…lexical information, syntactical information, and intonation (Barthel et al., 2017; B ¨ ogels & Torreira, 2015, 2021; Corps, Crossley, et al., 2018; Corps, Gambi, & Pickering, 2020; de Ruiter et al., 2006; Magyari et al., 2017; Magyari & de Ruiter, 2012; Riest et al., 2015; ) Roberts et al., 2015).”
BackgroundDetermining the end of a musical turn: Effects of tonal cues.
Hadley, L. V., Sturt, P., Moran, N., & Pickering, M. (2018) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.11.001 · Cited by 6
Hu, J., & Degand, L. (2023) · Dialogue & Discourse · doi:10.5210/dad.2023.203 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Seeing the Way: the Role of Vision in Conversation Turn Exchange Perception
Latif, N., Alsius, A., & Munhall, K. G. (2017) · Multisensory Research · doi:10.1163/22134808-00002582 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Azizpour, S., Westner, B. U., Szewczyk, J., Gucclu, U., & Geerligs, L. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.110085.1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Reading Scripted Dialogue: Pretending to Take Turns
Aruffo, C. (2019) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1080/0163853x.2019.1651588 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…a speaker’s turn is likely to end, based on his or her understanding of that turn’s content (e.g., de Ruiter, Mitterer, & Enfield, 2006; Gambi, Jachmann, & Staudte, 2015; Magyari & de Ruiter, 2012), and wait to begin planning his or her own turn until near the projected end of the speaker’s turn.”
BackgroundPsycholinguistic perspectives on face-to-face conversation
Holler, J., & Kuhlen, A. K. (2026) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-026-00538-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Magyari, L. (2021) · Language, cognition and mind · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-66175-5_5 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationGolato, P., & Golato, A. (2018) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2018.05.006 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Turn-Taking Modelling in Conversational Systems: A Review of Recent Advances
Patamia, R. A., Dinh, H. P. T., Liu, M., & Cosgun, A. (2025) · Technologies · doi:10.3390/technologies13120591 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Rühlemann, C., & Barthel, M. (2025) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1080/0163853x.2025.2544109 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…fixation, and gesture termination (Barthel et al., 2017; Bögels & Torreira, 2015; Duncan, 1972; Duncan & Nierehe, 1974; Gisladottir et al., 2018; Gravano & Hirschberg, 2011; Holler & Levinson, 2019; Levinson & Torreira, 2015; Magyari et al., 2014; Magyari & de Ruiter, 2012; Ter Bekke et al., 2024).”
Confidence in uncertainty: Error cost and commitment in early speech hypotheses
Loth, S., Jettka, K., Giuliani, M., Kopp, S., & de Ruiter, J. D. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201516 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Previous studies showed that incomplete material was used for anticipating the end of a turn [96], performing grounding gestures [22] and planning ahead [28] such that the response action is initiated just about the end of the speaker’s turn [2].”
BackgroundA computational model for the emergence of turn-taking behaviors in user-agent interactions
Jégou, M., & Chevaillier, P. (2018) · Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces · doi:10.1007/s12193-018-0265-3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The first reason is because the process used by human participants to coordinate turns based on verbal information is still being debated [31,46,61].”
BackgroundPrediction in language comprehension across the lifespan
Federmeier, K. D., Chiu, H., Fisher, C. L., & Yu, Y. (2026) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-026-00599-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Using Semantic Uncertainty to Estimate Transition Relevance in Turn-taking
Umair, M., & de Ruiter, J. D. (2026) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2609.10934
“Psycholinguistic accounts describe projection as an incremental process in which listeners form and revise expectations about how a turn may continue (Riest et al., 2015; Levinson, 2016; Magyari and de Ruiter, 2012).”
InfluentialTurn-Taking in Second Language Acquisition
Nottbeck, E. (2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10
Inter‐Turn Silences: Duration, Interpretation and Mechanisms
Thomas, A. M., Gladhill, K. A., & Kaschak, M. P. (2025) · Language and Linguistics Compass · doi:10.1111/lnc3.70027
“De Ruiter et al. (2006) and Magyari and De Ruiter (2012) demonstrated that listeners can use predictions about the upcoming content to estimate when the turn will end.”
Predictive ASR and Turn-taking Prediction at Once: Towards More Responsive Spoken Dialog System
Fukuda, R., Kano, T., Tawara, N., Delcroix, M., Ogawa, A., Chiba, Y., & Ando, A. (2025) · Automatic Speech Recognition & Understanding · doi:10.1109/asru65441.2025.11434798
“This contrasts with human behaviors, where listeners predict future turn-ends by predicting upcoming content [11].”
He, W. P., & Fussell, S. R. (2025) · ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1145/3715070.3749273
The role of speech tempo in turn taking in children's conversations
Bóna, J., & Hámori, Á. (2025) · Workshop on Disfluency in Spontaneous Speech · doi:10.21437/diss.2025-1
“Turn-taking in conversation - and particularly its timing - has received considerable attention in recent psycholinguistic research [8][19][21][22].”
WORDS PROCESSING AND ANTICIPATION ABILITY BY EFL LEARNERS
Wardana, I. K. (2023) · Jurnal Santiaji Pendidikan (JSP) · doi:10.36733/jsp.v13i2.7510
Előrejelzés a kommunikációban – Áttekintés
Béres, L., Boncz, Á., & Winkler, I. (2023) · Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle · doi:10.1556/0016.2023.00017
A pszichológia egysége vagy sokszínűsége a mai világban
Pléh, C. (2020) · Iskolakultúra · doi:10.14232/iskkult.2020.12.3
Graph-Based Prediction of Meeting Participation
Murray, G. (2019) · Multimodal Technologies and Interaction · doi:10.3390/mti3030054
Jégou, M. (2016) · doi:10.70675/c8b7625az5959z4d40z99adz550ecdea2ced
“tive de Marsh et al. (2006), Warren (2006) et Kelso (2009).”
The role of prosody and gaze in turn-end anticipation
Gambi, C., Jachmann, T. K., & Staudte, M. (2015) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · doi:10.7488/ds/234 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Duration of a Turn Cannot be Used to Predict When It Ends
Threlkeld, C., & Ruiter, J. P. D. (2022) · Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue · doi:10.18653/v1/2022.sigdial-1.35
- Authors
- Magyari, L., & de Ruiter, J. P.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Magyari, Lilla
- ORCID
- Magyari, Lilla
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 3
- Pages
- 376-376
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3483054
- OpenAlex
- W2072921909
- Cited by
- 154
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 69.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- PUB – Publications at Bielefeld University (Bielefeld University) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Funders
- Max Planck Instituut voor Psycholinguïstiek
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Phonetics and Phonology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- turn-taking, conversational timing, gating, speech understanding, syntactic frames
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