Mindfulness training improves attentional task performance in incarcerated youth: a group randomized controlled intervention trial
Open accessAbstract
We investigated the impact of cognitive behavioral therapy and mindfulness training (CBT/MT) on attentional task performance in incarcerated adolescents. Attention is a cognitive system necessary for managing cognitive demands and regulating emotions. Yet persistent and intensive demands, such as those experienced during high-stress intervals like incarceration and the events leading to incarceration, may deplete attention resulting in cognitive failures, emotional disturbances, and impulsive behavior. We hypothesized that CBT/MT may mitigate these deleterious effects of high stress and protect against degradation in attention over the high-stress interval of incarceration. Using a quasi-experimental, group randomized controlled trial design, we randomly assigned dormitories of incarcerated youth, ages 16-18, to a CBT/MT intervention (youth n = 147) or an active control intervention (youth n = 117). Both arms received approximately 750 min of intervention in a small-group setting over a 3-5 week period. Youth in the CBT/MT arm also logged the amount of out-of-session time spent practicing MT exercises. The Attention Network Test was used to index attentional task performance at baseline and 4 months post-baseline. Overall, task performance degraded over time in all participants. The magnitude of performance degradation was significantly less in the CBT/MT vs. control arm. Further, within the CBT/MT arm, performance degraded over time in those with no outside-of-class practice time, but remained stable over time in those who practiced mindfulness exercises outside of the session meetings. Thus, these findings suggest that sufficient CBT/MT practice may protect against functional attentional impairments associated with high-stress intervals.
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In non-ADHD groups that are racially and educationally diverse, of low socioeconomic status, or incarcerated, mindfulness training seems to improve outcomes.
“although mindfulness meditation training appears to improve outcome in non-ADHD samples that are diverse racially and educationally, low or predominantly low socioeconomic status, and are incarcerated (Bowen et al., 2014; Davis et al., 2014; Leonard et al., 2013)”
From Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions (2015) · cites this paper as Leonard et al., 2013
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- Authors
- Leonard, N. R., Jha, A. P., Casarjian, B., Goolsarran, M., Garcia, C., Cleland, C. M., Gwadz, M. V., & Massey, Z.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- University of Miami (US)
- Corresponding author
- Leonard, Noelle R.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 4
- Pages
- 792-792
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3820955
- OpenAlex
- W2106152442
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 5.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA024764)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- mindfulness training, cognitive behavioral therapy, incarcerated adolescents, attentional impairment, high-stress environments, Attention Network Test, emotion regulation, impulsive behavior, juvenile detention
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