Mindfulness-based interventions among people of color: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Objective In the United States, people of color (POC) are disproportionately affected by various sources of stress and prevalent mental and physical health issues that may benefit from Mindfulness-based Interventions (MBIs). However, effects of MBIs for POC are unclear. This meta-analysis examines the efficacy of MBIs through randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that included predominately POC (≥75% of the sample). Method: Random effects models were used to synthesize effect sizes. A total of 24 RCT samples were analyzed. Results: Samples were on average 94.4% POC and predominantly from low-income backgrounds (total N = 2,156). At post-treatment, MBIs yielded small but statistically superior outcomes to active controls (Hedges’ g = 0.11) and inactive controls (g = 0.26). Compared to active controls, MBIs’ effects on well-being were smaller than their effects on other outcome types. Compared to inactive controls, MBIs that focused on non-clinical populations and had higher proportion of POC had larger effect sizes. Attrition rates of MBIs did not differ from other active conditions in outpatient settings. Conclusion: Findings provide modest, preliminary empirical support for MBIs among POC. We discuss main findings, limitations, and implications for future MBI research for health promotion among POC.
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- Findingown data
Among the 17 studies that reported income, 14 (82.4%) had samples that were predominantly low-income.
“Among the 17 studies that reported participants’ income level, 14 studies (82.4%) indicated the sample was predominately low-income (see Supplemental Material Table 3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Compared with active controls, MBIs produced significantly smaller effects on well-being than on other outcome types (B = −0.33, 95% CI [−0.65, −0.01]).
“MBIs yielded significantly smaller effects in well-being than other outcomes when compared to active controls (B = −0.33, 95%CI = [- .65, - .01]; Supplemental Materials Table 8).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In outpatient settings, participants assigned to MBIs were not more likely to drop out than those in active control conditions (OR = 0.97, 95% CI [0.57, 1.64], p = .91).
“Participants randomized to MBIs were no more likely to drop out than the control group (OR = 0.97, 95%CI = [0.57, 1.64], p = .91).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The superiority of MBIs over active and inactive controls remained statistically significant after false discovery rate correction (adjusted p = .004 and .007, respectively).
“Results remained significant after FDR correction (p values adjusted as .004 and .007, correspondingly).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
After trim-and-fill adjustment with four imputed studies, MBIs remained significantly superior to inactive controls (adjusted g = 0.45, 95% CI [0.24, 0.65], p < .001).
“as well as to inactive controls with the addition of four imputed studies and adjusted omnibus effect size, g = 0.45, 95%CI = [0.24, 0.65], p < .001.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
In studies using active controls, mindfulness-based interventions had smaller effects on well-being than on other outcome domains.
“among studies employing active controls, MBIs had smaller effects on well-being compared to other domains of intervention outcomes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Asymmetric funnel plots suggested evidence of publication bias for MBIs versus both active and inactive controls.
“Asymmetric funnel plots suggested evidence for publication bias for MBIs versus active and inactive controls (see Supplemental Materials Figures 2 & 3), with one study missing from the left side of the omnibus effect for active control comparisons and studies missing from the right side of the omnibus effect for inactive control comparisons.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Among active-control comparisons, none of the tested sample characteristics (mean age, age group, percentage female, income level, proportion of people of color, or proportion of each racial minority group) were significant moderators of treatment effects.
“Among studies that used active controls, none of these characteristics emerged as significant moderators (see Supplemental Materials Table 6).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In this review, sample characteristics other than race/ethnicity did not predict variation in effect sizes.
“despite these features failing to predict variation in effect sizes in the current study”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Only two of the studies included in this review used a cultural adaptation.
“Given that all samples were predominately POC, it is intriguing that only two employed cultural adaptation (Alegría et al., 2019; Black & Amaro, 2019).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Alegría et al., 2019
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- cites Black & Amaro, 2019
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- Findingown data
Outcome type was not a significant moderator of treatment effects in active-control comparisons (Q[4] = 7.36, p = .118).
“Outcome type was not a significant moderator (Q[4] = 7.36, p = .118).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Effects did not differ significantly across study settings in active-control comparisons (Q[2] = 2.85, p = .240).
“Effects did not differ significantly across settings (k = 16, Q[2] = 2.85, p = .240; see Supplemental Material Table 8).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
After trim-and-fill adjustment with one imputed study, MBIs remained significantly superior to active controls (adjusted g = 0.11, 95% CI [0.04, 0.18], p = .003).
“Based on a trim-and-fill analysis, MBIs continued to show significantly superiority to active controls with the addition of one imputed study and the omnibus effect size adjusted, g = 0.11, 95%CI = [0.04, 0.18], p = .003”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Among inactive-control comparisons, MBIs targeting non-clinical populations had significantly larger effects than those targeting clinical populations (B = −0.45, 95% CI [−0.70, −0.20]).
“comparisons using a clinical population showed significantly smaller effects for MBIs than those targeted a general population (B = −0.45, 95%CI = [−0.70, −0.20], Q[1] = 12.47, p < .001)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
Most of the studies included in this review used some form of adaptation.
“Given that the majority of included studies involved some adaptation”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Among inactive-control comparisons, studies with a higher proportion of people of color had significantly larger effect sizes favoring MBIs (B = 0.06, 95% CI [0.02, 0.09]).
“studies with higher proportion of POC had larger effect sizes in favor of MBIs (B = 0.06, 95%CI = [0.02, 0.09], Q[1] = 11.20, p < .001; see Supplemental Materials Table 6).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The included sample was relatively young, with a mean age of 18.6 years.
“given the included sample was relatively young (M = 18.6)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Only two included studies had follow-up assessments.
“only two of the studies included follow-up assessment”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The review found mindfulness-based interventions outperformed active controls.
“though MBIs were found to be superior to active controls”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The effect sizes observed in this review were modest.
“Given the modest effect sizes observed here”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Most included studies examined African American and/or Latinx/Hispanic groups.
“the majority of studies in the current meta-analysis focused on African American and/or Latinx/Hispanic participants”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The results offer limited, preliminary evidence supporting MBIs for people of color.
“Findings provide modest, preliminary empirical support for MBIs among POC.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
People of color are more likely than other groups to end psychotherapy before completion.
“it’s been consistently documented that POC are more likely to prematurely terminate treatment (Cooper & Conklin, 2015; McClendon et al., 2020).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Cooper & Conklin, 2015
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- cites McClendon et al., 2020
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- Premisecitation
A prior meta-analysis of mindfulness meditation programs found stronger evidence for reductions in distress than for improvements in well-being.
“a previous meta-analysis on the effects of mindfulness meditation programs which showed stronger evidence in support of reduced distress (i.e., anxiety and depression) than increased well-being (i.e., quality of life Goyal et al., 2014).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Goyal et al., 2014
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- Study design and conductreasoning
Because people-of-color status and intersecting adversities were confounded in the included studies, the effects of either characteristic alone could not be separated.
“This confounding between POC status and intersecting adversities in the included studies makes it challenging to disentangle effects on either characteristic alone.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The findings may not generalize to older people of color.
“study findings may not be generalizable to older POC.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisereasoning
Before this study, no review had assessed both how well MBIs work and how acceptable they are for people of color.
“no review has actually evaluated the efficacy and acceptability of MBIs among POC.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Studies disagree about whether people of color find MBIs acceptable.
“However, evidence on acceptability has been mixed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Olano et al., 2015
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- cites Goldberg et al., 2019
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- Premisecitation
People of color have been underrepresented in mindfulness-based intervention research.
“However, POC have been underrepresented in MBI research.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Waldron, Hong, Moskowitz, & Burnett-Zeigler, 2018
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- Study design and conductnone given
The included studies were heterogeneous in characteristics other than race/ethnicity, including mean age, setting, and clinical features.
“A second and related limitation is the heterogeneity of sample characteristics other than race/ethnicity such as mean age, setting, and clinical features.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The effects of mindfulness-based interventions compared with other evidence-based treatments for people of color remain unknown.
“the effects of MBIs in comparison to other evidence-based treatments for POC is still unknown.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductreasoning
The exploratory moderator tests may have produced false-positive results due to Type I error.
“exploratory moderator tests may have produced false positives (Type I error).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Intervention quality features such as treatment integrity are rarely reported.
“These features are rarely reported (Goldberg et al., 2017)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Goldberg et al., 2017
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- Interpretationreasoning
Long-term effects of mindfulness-based interventions for people of color could not be estimated from the included studies.
“precluding estimation of long-term effects.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Trauma exposure is highly prevalent among people of color.
“given the high prevalence of trauma exposure among POC (Alegria et al., 2013)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Alegria et al., 2013
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- May combine two claims. 18
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 10
May combine two claims.
FindingreasoningThe final meta-analytic sample consisted of 22 randomized controlled trials that yielded 24 comparisons, with 16 comparing MBIs to active controls and 8 comparing MBIs to inactive controls.
“Therefore, a total of 22 studies were included in the meta-analysis, and among them, two studies compared an MBI to both an active and an inactive control, yielding 24 comparisons. Thus, the final sample included 16 studies that compared an MBI to an active control and 8 studies that compared an MBI to an inactive control.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataAt post-treatment, MBIs were superior to inactive controls across all outcomes, with a small effect size (Hedges' g = 0.26, 95% CI [0.07, 0.45], p = .007).
“as well as inactive control conditions (k = 8, g = 0.26, 95%CI = [0.07, 0.45], p = .007).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe meta-analytic sample included 2,156 participants and was on average 94.4% people of color, with study-level proportions ranging from 77.5% to 100%.
“The sample had a total of 2,156 participants and was 94.4% POC (range = [77.5%, 100%]).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataAt post-treatment, MBIs were modestly superior to active controls across all outcomes, with a small effect size (Hedges' g = 0.11, 95% CI [0.04, 0.18], p = .002).
“When aggregated across all outcomes, MBIs were shown to be overall modestly superior to active control conditions (k = 16, g = 0.11, 95%CI = [0.04, 0.18], p = .002)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataBetween-study heterogeneity was low for active-control comparisons (I2 = 0.00%) and moderate for inactive-control comparisons (I2 = 54.03%).
“Heterogeneity was low for studies using active controls (I2 = 0.00%, 95%CI = [0.00%, 17.94%]) and moderate for studies using inactive controls (I2 = 54.03%, 95%CI = [8.55%, 85.50%]).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataAmong randomized controlled trials using inactive controls, mindfulness-based interventions for people of color were more effective in non-clinical samples than in clinical samples; this difference was not observed with active controls.
“MBIs for POC were more effective in non-clinical compared to clinical samples (e.g., psychiatric, medical) among RCTs utilizing inactive controls (although, again, this did not appear for active controls).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIntervention duration, dosage, adaptation, and study quality were not significant moderators of treatment effects.
“Intervention duration, dosage (number of weeks, number of minutes per week, total time engaged in treatment), adaptation, and study quality were not significant moderators of treatment effects (see Supplemental Materials Table 7).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn comparisons with inactive controls, mindfulness-based interventions had larger effects in studies with a higher proportion of people of color than in studies with a lower proportion; this moderator effect was absent in comparisons with active controls.
“Compared to inactive controls, MBIs were also more effective for studies with higher rather than lower proportions of POC, although this effect did not appear for comparisons with active controls.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataIn this meta-analysis, mindfulness-based interventions did not differ from active control conditions in dropout or acceptability in outpatient settings.
“Our synthesis on attrition suggests that MBIs did not differ from other active controls in acceptability in outpatient settings.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataMost included studies used active controls (k = 16), and most of those controls were non-evidence-based treatments such as health education or support groups.
“although the majority of studies used active controls (k = 16), most used non-evidence-based treatments (e.g., health education, support group).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationCultural adaptation of psychological interventions improves treatment engagement and outcomes.
“robust meta-analytic evidence suggesting that cultural adaptation improves treatment engagement and outcomes (Hall, Ibaraki, Huang, Marti, & Stice, 2016).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hall, Ibaraki, Huang, Marti, & Stice, 2016
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Study design and conductown dataTwo authors separately rated each study's methodological quality with a modified Jadad scale.
“The methodological quality of each study was independently assessed by the first two authors using a modified Jadad’s criteria (Jadad et al., 1996) that has been used in previous MBI research (Piet & Hougaard, 2011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Jadad et al., 1996
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- cites Piet & Hougaard, 2011
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe authors checked for publication bias using funnel plots and trim-and-fill analyses.
“We assessed publication bias by visually inspecting funnel plots for asymmetry disaggregated by control condition (i.e., active, inactive). Models were also re-estimated using trim-and-fill methods that account for the asymmetric distribution of studies around an omnibus effect (Duval & Tweedie, 2000).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Duval & Tweedie, 2000
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Study design and conductcitationThe authors followed the PRISMA reporting guidelines for this meta-analysis.
“This meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement (Moher, Liberati, Tetzlaff, Altman, & the PRISMA Group, 2009).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Moher, Liberati, Tetzlaff, Altman, & the PRISMA Group, 2009
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Study design and conductown dataThis review was preregistered in PROSPERO under CRD42019124968.
“The study was registered in a public systematic review registry (PROSPERO; CRD42019124968).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataThey used the Benjamini-Hochberg method to control the false discovery rate.
“Following omnibus test, false discovery rate (FDR) correction was made using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe samples in the included studies were mostly from low-income backgrounds, and many participants had additional intersecting adversities such as incarceration or exposure to neighborhood violence.
“included study samples were predominately from low-income backgrounds and many study participants had other intersecting adversities (e.g., incarceration, exposure to neighborhood violence).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningIt remains unclear whether MBIs work for people of color, partly due to sparse research.
“Thus, the efficacy of MBIs among POC is unclear, in part due to limited research.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataTwo authors independently screened studies for inclusion and settled disagreements by consensus.
“The first and second authors independently completed coding of potential eligible studies for inclusion. Both individuals are PhD-level psychologists with previous experience conducting meta-analyses. Disagreements were discussed until a consensus was reached.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitationAgreement between coders for inclusion and data extraction was good to excellent (kappas and ICCs above .60).
“Inter-rater reliabilities were in the good to excellent range (i.e., kappas and ICCs > .60; Cicchetti, 1994).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cicchetti, 1994
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Interpretationown dataThis meta-analysis found weaker effects than prior MBI meta-analyses in psychiatric/medical, healthy adult, and youth samples.
“Although these effects mirror the statistical significance seen in previous large-scale meta-analyses of MBI RCTs, the current effect size are smaller in magnitude compared to findings in other populations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Goldberg et al., 2018
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- cites Khoury et al., 2013
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- cites Dunning et al., 2019
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PremisecitationIn the U.S., people of color face disproportionate structural inequalities and elevated rates of mental and physical health problems.
“People of color (POC)1 in the United States (U.S.) are disproportionately affected by various structural inequalities such as mass incarceration (Wildeman & Wang, 2017), racism (Bailey et al., 2017), and housing and economic difficulties (Zimmerman & Anderson, 2019).”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion: · plain
“POC show high rates of psychological and physical health issues, such as depressive symptomology (Bailey, Mokonogho, & Kumar, 2019), risk of trauma exposure and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (Asnaani & Hall-Clark, 2017), hypertension and cardiovascular disease (Balfour, Rodriguez, & Ferdinand, 2015), and HIV/AIDS (Millett et al., 2012).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Wildeman & Wang, 2017
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- cites Bailey et al., 2017
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- cites Asnaani & Hall-Clark, 2017
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- Also stated in: § Conclusion: · plain
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationThe moderator analyses in this review were exploratory and probably lacked sufficient statistical power.
“Moderator analyses were exploratory in nature and likely underpowered (Hedges & Pigott, 2004).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hedges & Pigott, 2004
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Study design and conductreasoningThe moderator tests were exploratory, not driven by prior hypotheses.
“As there is limited prior meta-analytic research and theory regarding the use of MBIs for POC, moderator analyses were exploratory rather than based on a priori hypothesis.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningAdditional problems, including moderator confounding and ecological fallacy, might have influenced the findings.
“Other errors such as confounding between moderators and ecological fallacy may also have affected results”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationEffects in the mindfulness-based intervention literature may be inflated by researcher allegiance.
“the possibility that effects in the MBI literature are inflated (e.g., due to researcher allegiance; Goldberg & Tucker, 2020)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Goldberg & Tucker, 2020
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The paper relies on this without support.
Research on mindfulness-based interventions for people of color is at an early stage.
“Given the early stage of MBI research for POC and limited numbers of studies for subgroups of POC”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many subgroups of people of color experience multiple adversities.
“considering that many POC subgroups experience multiple adversities”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Smaller treatment effects have been found in children, racial/ethnic minority samples, and for substance use.
“For example, smaller treatment effects have been observed in children74, racial/ethnic minority samples75, and for substance use76.”
From A common factors perspective on mindfulness-based interventions (2022) · cites this paper as [75]
These factors have yet to be adequately studied in the context of MBIs.
“These factors have yet to be adequately studied in the context of MBIs75.”
From A common factors perspective on mindfulness-based interventions (2022) · cites this paper as [75]
There is a lack of racial and ethnic diversity in MBI research and psychotherapy generally.
“Second, there is a lack of racial and ethnic diversity in MBI research75,145 and psychotherapy generally146.”
From A common factors perspective on mindfulness-based interventions (2022) · cites this paper as [75]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Two different mean ages are reported
MinorThe study-characteristics section gives a mean age of 23.2 years, while the limitations section describes the included sample as having a mean age of 18.6 years.
“The sample was on average 23.2 years old (range = [7.9, 72.9])”
“given the included sample was relatively young (M = 18.6)”
The outcome-moderator count does not match its list
MinorThe text says four outcome types had sufficient studies for moderator analysis, but immediately lists six types with six corresponding study counts.
“sufficient studies were available for four outcome types in studies with active controls”
“ks = 12, 8, 6, 6, 6, and 4, for psychological, mindfulness, biomarkers, coping, behavioral, and well-being outcome types, respectively”
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Goyal, M., Singh, S., Sibinga, E. M. S., Gould, N. F., Rowland-Seymour, A., Sharma, R., Berger, Z., Sleicher, D., Maron, D. D., Shihab, H. M., et al. (2014) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13018 · Cited by 2,380 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based therapy: a comprehensive meta-analysis
Khoury, B., Lecomte, T., Fortin, G., Masse, M., Therien, P., Bouchard, V., Chapleau, M.-A., Paquin, K., & Hofmann, S. G. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.05.005 · Cited by 2,003 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Consistent with prior meta-analyses of MBIs (Goldberg et al., 2018; Khoury et al., 2013) and psychological interventions generally (Wampold et al., 1997), control conditions were coded based whether or not they were intended to be therapeutic (i.e., promote positive psychological or behavioral…”
ResultInfluentialMindfulness-based stress reduction for healthy individuals: A meta-analysis
Khoury, B., Sharma, M., Rush, S. E., & Fournier, C. (2015) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.03.009 · Cited by 1,617 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In healthy adults, Khoury et al. (2015) found g= 0.53 comparing to largely inactive controls (waitlist).”
BackgroundInfluentialCultural adaptation of treatments: A resource for considering culture in evidence-based practice
Bernal, G., Jiménez-Chafey, M. I., & Domenech Rodríguez, M. M. (2009) · Professional Psychology: Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0016401 · Cited by 1,186 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based interventions for psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Goldberg, S. B., Tucker, R. P., Greene, P. A., Davidson, R. J., Wampold, B. E., Kearney, D. J., & Simpson, T. L. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.10.011 · Cited by 1,145 · cited 8× · see citing works
“In addition, eligible studies need to include a mindfulness-based intervention, which is defined in consistence with previous meta-analyses on MBIs (e.g., Dunning et al., 2018; Goldberg et al., 2018) and the conceptual definition of mindfulness-based programs (Crane et al.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationWampold, B. E., Mondin, G. W., Moody, M., Stich, F., Benson, K., & Ahn, H.-N. (1997) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.122.3.203 · Cited by 1,091 · cited 6× · see citing works
“Consistent with prior meta-analyses of psychological interventions (Wampold et al., 1997) and MBIs (Galante et al.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEstimation of a Single Effect Size: Parametric and Nonparametric Methods
Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1985) · Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-057065-5.50010-5 · Cited by 983 · see citing works
Synthesizing standardized mean‐change measures
Becker, B. J. (1988) · British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1988.tb00901.x · Cited by 889 · see citing works
Mass incarceration, public health, and widening inequality in the USA
Wildeman, C., & Wang, E. A. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30259-3 · Cited by 885 · cited 1× · see citing works
“People of color (POC)1 in the United States (U.S.) are disproportionately affected by various structural inequalities such as mass incarceration (Wildeman & Wang, 2017), racism (Bailey et al., 2017), and housing and economic difficulties (Zimmerman & Anderson, 2019).”
BackgroundWhat defines mindfulness-based programs? The warp and the weft
Crane, R. S., Brewer, J., Feldman, C., Kabat-Zinn, J., Santorelli, S., Williams, J. M. G., & Kuyken, W. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716003317 · Cited by 868 · cited 7× · see citing works
“, MBSR) undergo adaptation to meet the needs of POC, recording and reporting of treatment fidelity will also be informative for continued assessment of the intervention’s adherence to and preservation of the principles of mindfulness-based interventions (Crane et al., 2017) as well as the role of treatment fidelity in…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationPiet, J., & Hougaard, E. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.05.002 · Cited by 807 · see citing works
Nazroo, J. Y. (2003) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.93.2.277 · Cited by 796 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…that as there are various vulnerability factors at multiple levels that disproportionately affect the health of POC (e.g., housing, unemployment, neighborhood violence) (Nazroo, 2003; Smedley, 2012), MBI as an individual-level intervention may have limited effects in achieving optimal well-being.”
BackgroundMindfulness Interventions with Youth: A Meta-Analysis
Zoogman, S., Goldberg, S. B., Hoyt, W. T., & Miller, L. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-013-0260-4 · Cited by 760 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…reports of meta-analyses noting that MBIs often have a larger effect size for clinical rather than non-clinical populations (Galante et al., 2021; Zoogman et al., 2015), MBIs for POC were more effective in non-clinical compared to clinical samples (e.g., psychiatric, medical) among RCTs…”
BackgroundSelf-citationExperimental evidence for tipping points in social convention
Centola, D., Becker, J., Brackbill, D., & Baronchelli, A. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aas8827 · Cited by 750 · see citing works
Fu, R., Gartlehner, G., Grant, M., Shamliyan, T., Sedrakyan, A., Wilt, T. J., Griffith, L., Oremus, M., Raina, P., Ismaila, A., et al. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.08.010 · Cited by 730 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Only studies using active controls had a sufficient number (i.e., k≥ 4; Fu et al., 2011) to allow formal moderator testing.”
MethodMillett, G. A., Peterson, J. L., Flores, S. A., Hart, T. A., Jeffries, W. L., Wilson, P. A., Rourke, S. B., Heilig, C. M., Elford, J., Fenton, K. A., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60899-x · Cited by 724 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Metaanalyses have demonstrated MBIs’ efficacy in improving health outcomes among conditions that are prevalent among POC, such as psychiatric symptoms (Galante et al., 2021; Goldberg et al., 2018), HIV/AIDS (Scott-Sheldon et al., 2019), cardiovascular conditions (Abbott et al., 2014) and hypertension (Lee et al., 2020…”
BackgroundInfluentialThe power of statistical tests for moderators in meta-analysis
Hedges, L. V., & Pigott, T. D. (2004) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.9.4.426 · Cited by 672 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Moderator analyses were exploratory in nature and likely underpowered (Hedges & Pigott, 2004).”
BackgroundDunning, D. L., Griffiths, K., Kuyken, W., Crane, C., Foulkes, L., Parker, J., & Dalgleish, T. (2019) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12980 · Cited by 610 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Among youth, Dunning et al. (2018) reported ds = 0.26 and 0.38 for comparisons with active and inactive controls, respectively.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialA Meta-Analysis of Cultural Adaptations of Psychological Interventions
Hall, G. C. N., Ibaraki, A. Y., Huang, E. R., Marti, C. N., & Stice, E. (2016) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.09.005 · Cited by 598 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This is particularly surprising given robustmeta-analytic evidence suggesting that cultural adaptation improves treatment engagement and outcomes (Hall et al., 2016).”
BackgroundFeasibility and Preliminary Outcomes of a School-Based Mindfulness Intervention for Urban Youth
Mendelson, T., Greenberg, M. T., Dariotis, J. K., Gould, L. F., Rhoades, B. L., & Leaf, P. J. (2010) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9418-x · Cited by 538 · see citing works
Goldberg, S. B., Riordan, K. M., Sun, S., & Davidson, R. J. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620968771 · Cited by 520 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Consistent with prior meta-analyses of psychological interventions (Wampold et al., 1997) and MBIs (Galante et al., 2021; Goldberg et al., 2021, 2018), efficacy analyses were conducted separately for MBIs in comparison to active controls and inactive controls since they represent differed meanings…”
BackgroundResultSelf-citation<p>Racial and ethnic differences in depression: current perspectives</p>
Bailey, R., Mokonogho, J., & Kumar, A. (2019) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s128584 · Cited by 498 · cited 3× · see citing works
“…health treatment and healthcare: POC are less likely to utilize and more likely to prematurely withdraw from services (Cooper & Conklin, 2015; McClendon et al., 2020), resulting in limited benefits of usual care and more persistent conditions (e.g., depression chronicity) (Bailey et al., 2019).”
BackgroundInfluentialSemple, R. J., Lee, J., Rosa, D., & Miller, L. F. (2010) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-009-9301-y · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Derogatis, L. R., & Unger, R. (2010) · The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology · doi:10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0970 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Psychotherapy research with ethnic minorities: Empirical, ethical, and conceptual issues.
Hall, G. C. N. (2001) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.69.3.502 · Cited by 430 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Candidate constructs may include acculturation/enculturation, mistrust, racial/ethnic identity, racial trauma, experiences of discrimination and other forms of minority stress (Hall, 2001; Pascoe & Richman, 2009; Sun et al., 2016; Whaley, 2001).”
BackgroundGalante, J., Friedrich, C., Dawson, A. F., Modrego-Alarcón, M., Gebbing, P., Delgado-Suárez, I., Gupta, R., Dean, L., Dalgleish, T., White, I. R., et al. (2021) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003481 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Abbott, R. A., Whear, R., Rodgers, L. R., Bethel, A., Thompson Coon, J., Kuyken, W., Stein, K., & Dickens, C. (2014) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.02.012 · Cited by 313 · cited 2× · see citing works
“, 2019), cardiovascular conditions (Abbott et al., 2014) and hypertension (Lee et al.”
BackgroundWhaley, A. L. (2001) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/0735-7028.32.6.555 · Cited by 296 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Candidate constructs may include acculturation/enculturation, mistrust, racial/ethnic identity, racial trauma, experiences of discrimination and other forms of minority stress (Hall, 2001; Pascoe & Richman, 2009; Sun et al., 2016; Whaley, 2001).”
BackgroundPsychotherapy research with ethnic minorities: Empirical, ethical, and conceptual issues.
Hall, G. C. N. (2001) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.69.3.502 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Cooper, A. A., & Conklin, L. R. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.05.001 · Cited by 264 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…disparities exist in mental health treatment and healthcare: POC are less likely to utilize and more likely to prematurely withdraw from services (Cooper & Conklin, 2015; McClendon et al., 2020), resulting in limited benefits of usual care and more persistent conditions (e.g., depression…”
BackgroundAlegria, M. M., Fortuna, L. R., Lin, J. Y.-C., Norris, F. H., Gao, S., Takeuchi, D. T., Jackson, J. S., Shrout, P. E., & Valentine, A. M. (2013) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0000000000000007 · Cited by 237 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Second, given the high prevalence of trauma exposure among POC (Alegria et al., 2013), a trauma-sensitive approach to teaching mindfulness (Treleaven, 2018) may also be beneficial.”
BackgroundSchool-based mindfulness instruction: An RCT
Sibinga, E. M. S., Webb, L., Ghazarian, S. R., & Ellen, J. M. (2016) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2015-2532 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Advancement in the maturing science of cultural adaptations of evidence-based interventions.
Chu, J., & Leino, A. (2017) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000145 · Cited by 225 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…reporting of treatment fidelity will also be informative for continued assessment of the intervention’s adherence to and preservation of the principles of mindfulness-based interventions (Crane et al., 2017) as well as the role of treatment fidelity in culturally adapted MBIs (Chu & Leino, 2017).”
BackgroundRemoving obstacles to eliminating racial and ethnic disparities in behavioral health care
Alegría, M., Alvarez, K., Ishikawa, R. Z., DiMarzio, K., & McPeck, S. (2016) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0029 · Cited by 201 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…the efficacy of MBIs in specific populations, particularly marginalized and underserved populations (who tend to engage less in conventional, evidence-based treatment, Alegría et al., 2016), is crucial to broaden the application of MBIs and evaluate their potential for improving population health.”
BackgroundView dependencies in the visual recognition of social interactions
de la Rosa, S., Mieskes, S., Bülthoff, H., & Curio, C. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00752 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
The Cultural Relevance of Mindfulness Meditation as a Health Intervention for African Americans
Woods‐Giscombé, C. L., & Gaylord, S. A. (2014) · Journal of Holistic Nursing · doi:10.1177/0898010113519010 · Cited by 194 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…scholars have argued that certain aspects of MBIs are especially culturally relevant to POC including attention to overall health and well-being; emphasis on resilience rather than psychopathology; and the group-based, communal delivery formats (LoParo et al., 2018; Woods-Giscombé & Gaylord, 2014).”
BackgroundThe Lived Experience of Race and Its Health Consequences
Smedley, B. D. (2012) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2011.300643 · Cited by 187 · cited 2× · see citing works
“, housing, unemployment, neighborhood violence) (Nazroo, 2003; Smedley, 2012), MBI as an individual-level intervention may have limited effects in achieving optimal well-being.”
BackgroundTrends in Health Equity in the United States by Race/Ethnicity, Sex, and Income, 1993-2017
Zimmerman, F. J., & Anderson, N. (2019) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.6386 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Atdjian, S., & Vega, W. A. (2005) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.56.12.1600 · Cited by 172 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Email: shufang_sun@brown.edu reduced health service utilization, such as mistrust of providers and health systems; negative attitudes (e.g., stigma) toward seeking professional psychological help; and the lack of affordable, culturally competent services (Atdjian & Vega, 2005; Sun et al., 2016).”
BackgroundA School-Based Mindfulness Pilot Study for Ethnically Diverse At-Risk Adolescents
Bluth, K., Campo, R. A., Pruteanu-Malinici, S., Reams, A., Mullarkey, M., & Broderick, P. C. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0376-1 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
School-based mindfulness instruction for urban male youth: A small randomized controlled trial
Sibinga, E. M. S., Perry-Parrish, C., Chung, S.-E., Johnson, S. B., Smith, M., & Ellen, J. M. (2013) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.08.027 · Cited by 171 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Active control conditions involved engagement of participants in interventions intended to create or facilitate change (i.e., evidence-based treatment, Leonard et al., 2013; skills training, Lyons et al., 2019; social support group, Palta et al., 2012; health education, Sibinga et al., 2013).”
BackgroundHwang, W.-C. (2009) · Professional Psychology: Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0016240 · Cited by 166 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Qualitative, formative research is well-suited to guide intervention development and targeted sample recruitment through a community-centered approach (Hwang, 2009).”
BackgroundPincus, T., Miles, C., Froud, R., Underwood, M., Carnes, D., & Taylor, S. J. (2011) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-11-14 · Cited by 161 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Following the methodological criteria and recommendations for assessment of moderators in systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (Pincus et al., 2011), moderator analyses are necessary to inform future clinical trials.”
MethodEngagement in Mindfulness Practices by U.S. Adults: Sociodemographic Barriers
Olano, H. A., Kachan, D., Tannenbaum, S. L., Mehta, A., Annane, D., & Lee, D. J. (2015) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2014.0269 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
(2018) · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Fung, J., Kim, J. J., Jin, J., Chen, G., Bear, L., & Lau, A. S. (2019) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-018-0425-7 · Cited by 148 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Inactive controls did not involve treatment that was intended to be therapeutic (e.g., waitlist, Fung et al., 2019; treatment-as-usual [TAU] conditions in which both the MBI and non-MBI arm received ongoing TAU, Zhang & Emory, 2015).”
BackgroundPalta, P., Page, G., Piferi, R. L., Gill, J. M., Hayat, M. J., Connolly, A. B., & Szanton, S. L. (2012) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-011-9654-6 · Cited by 142 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Active control conditions involved engagement of participants in interventions intended to create or facilitate change (i.e., evidence-based treatment, Leonard et al., 2013; skills training, Lyons et al., 2019; social support group, Palta et al., 2012; health education, Sibinga et al., 2013).”
BackgroundWaldron, E. M., Hong, S., Moskowitz, J. T., & Burnett-Zeigler, I. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0920-5 · Cited by 137 · cited 4× · see citing works
“…of demographic characteristics in 69 RCTs of MBSR and MBCT in the U.S. found that among the 45 studies that reported data on race and income, 76% participants identified as non-Hispanic White and most studies had more than half of participants making over $40,000 annually (Waldron et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialIs mindfulness research methodology improving over time? A systematic review
Goldberg, S. B., Tucker, R. P., Greene, P. A., Simpson, T. L., Kearney, D. J., & Davidson, R. J. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187298 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationDerogatis, L. R. (2011) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t01210-000 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Cognitive behavioral therapy: A meta-analysis of race and substance use outcomes.
Windsor, L. C., Jemal, A., & Alessi, E. J. (2014) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037929 · Cited by 120 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Outside of MBIs, a meta-analytic review of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for substance use found that its longitudinal effect was stronger in non-Hispanic White than Black and Hispanic samples, suggesting potential racial disparity in treatment (Windsor et al., 2015).”
BackgroundTrieu, K., Bhat, S., Dai, Z., Leander, K., Gigante, B., Qian, F., Korat, A. V. A., Sun, Q., Pan, X., Laguzzi, F., et al. (2021) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003763 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Recent developments in understanding ethnocultural and race differences in trauma exposure and PTSD.
Asnaani, A., & Hall-Clark, B. N. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.12.005 · Cited by 97 · cited 5× · see citing works
“Within each study, outcomes were categorized into one of the following types: (1) psychological symptoms (e.g., anxiety, depression, PTSD, perceived stress), (2) psychosomatic health (e.g., selfreported somatic symptoms/health); (3) biomarkers (non-self-reported biological markers, such as cortisol level, blood pressu…”
BackgroundInfluentialTrauma-Sensitive Mindfulness: Practices for Safe and Transformative Healing
Novak, E. T. (2018) · Transactional Analysis Journal · doi:10.1080/03621537.2018.1471295 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
DeLuca, S. M., Kelman, A. R., & Waelde, L. C. (2018) · Psychological Studies · doi:10.1007/s12646-018-0452-z · Cited by 95 · cited 3× · see citing works
“, 2018) and few instances of cultural adaptation (DeLuca et al., 2018), no review has actually evaluated the efficacy and acceptability ofMBIs amongPOC.”
BackgroundResultBarnes, V. A., Pendergrast, R. A., Harshfield, G. A., & Treiber, F. A. (2008) · PubMed · doi:10.13016/6nuo-ktvn · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Fung, J., Guo, S., Jin, J., Bear, L., & Lau, A. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0519-7 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Leonard, N. R., Jha, A. P., Casarjian, B., Goolsarran, M., Garcia, C., Cleland, C. M., Gwadz, M. V., & Massey, Z. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00792 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Sun, S., Hoyt, W. T., Brockberg, D., Lam, J., & Tiwari, D. R. (2016) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000172 · Cited by 73 · cited 3× · see citing works
“, stigma) toward seeking professional psychological help; and the lack of affordable, culturally competent services (Atdjian & Vega, 2005; Sun et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLee, E. K. P., Yeung, N. C. Y., Xu, Z., Zhang, D., Yu, C.-P., & Wong, S. Y. S. (2020) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.16160 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Scott-Sheldon, L. A. J., Balletto, B. L., Donahue, M. L., Feulner, M. M., Cruess, D. G., Salmoirago-Blotcher, E., Wing, R. R., & Carey, M. P. (2019) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-018-2236-9 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
McClendon, J., Dean, K. E., & Galovski, T. E. (2020) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-020-00212-0 · Cited by 67 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…health treatment and healthcare: POC are less likely to utilize and more likely to prematurely withdraw from services (Cooper & Conklin, 2015; McClendon et al., 2020), resulting in limited benefits of usual care and more persistent conditions (e.g., depression chronicity) (Bailey et al.,…”
BackgroundMindfulness instruction for HIV-infected youth: a randomized controlled trial
Webb, L., Perry-Parrish, C., Ellen, J., & Sibinga, E. (2018) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2017.1394434 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
A Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Pregnant African-American Women
Zhang, H., & Emory, E. K. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0304-4 · Cited by 66 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Inactive controls did not involve treatment that was intended to be therapeutic (e.g., waitlist, Fung et al., 2019; treatment-as-usual [TAU] conditions in which both the MBI and non-MBI arm received ongoing TAU, Zhang & Emory, 2015).”
BackgroundHimelstein, S., Saul, S., & Garcia-Romeu, A. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0431-6 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
A small mixed-method RCT of mindfulness instruction for urban youth
Sibinga, E. M. S., Perry-Parrish, C., Thorpe, K., Mika, M., & Ellen, J. M. (2014) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2014.02.006 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Westling, S., Daukantaite, D., Liljedahl, S. I., Oh, Y., Westrin, Å., Flyckt, L., & Helleman, M. (2019) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.5463 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The Role of Hypertension in Race-Ethnic Disparities in Cardiovascular Disease
Balfour, P. C., Rodriguez, C., & Ferdinand, K. (2015) · Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports · doi:10.1007/s12170-015-0446-5 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Black, D. S., & Amaro, H. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103437 · Cited by 54 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Only two studies employed cultural adaptation (k= 1 in active control, Black & Amaro, 2019 and k= 1 in inactive control, Alegría et al., 2019).”
BackgroundZhou, T., Souzeau, E., Sharma, S., Landers, J. A., Mills, R. A., Goldberg, I., Healey, P. R., Graham, S. L., Hewitt, A. W., Mackey, D. A., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172427 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention in a Jail Drug Treatment Program.
Lyons, T., Womack, V. Y., Cantrell, W. D., & Kenemore, T. (2019) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2018.1491054 · Cited by 49 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Active control conditions involved engagement of participants in interventions intended to create or facilitate change (i.e., evidence-based treatment, Leonard et al., 2013; skills training, Lyons et al., 2019; social support group, Palta et al., 2012; health education, Sibinga et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPromoting Mindfulness in African American Communities
Biggers, A., Spears, C. A., Sanders, K. D., Ong, J. C., Sharp, L. K., & Gerber, B. S. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01480-w · Cited by 48 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Only two studies employed cultural adaptation (k= 1 in active control, Black & Amaro, 2019 and k= 1 in inactive control, Alegría et al., 2019).”
BackgroundWoods‐Giscombé, C. L., Gaylord, S. A., Li, Y., Brintz, C., Bangdiwala, S. I., Buse, J. B., Mann, J. D., Lynch, C., Phillips, P., Smith, S., et al. (2019) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2019/3962623 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
MAd: Meta-Analysis with Mean Differences
Re, A. C. D., & Hoyt, W. T. (2010) · doi:10.32614/cran.package.mad · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Ellis, D. A., Carcone, A. I., Slatcher, R. B., Naar‐King, S., Hains, A. A., Graham, A. E., & Sibinga, E. M. S. (2018) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.12807 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The Efficacy of Cognitively-Based Compassion Training for African American Suicide Attempters
LoParo, D., Mack, S. A., Patterson, B., Negi, L. T., & Kaslow, N. J. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0940-1 · Cited by 38 · cited 3× · see citing works
“(2018). A systematic review of ethnoracial representation and cultural adaptation of mindfulness- and meditation-based interventions.”
BackgroundInfluentialWright, K., Klatt, M. D., Adams, I. K. R., Nguyen, C. M., Mion, L. C., Tan, A., Monroe, T. B., Rose, K. M., & Scharre, D. W. (2020) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.16947 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Alegria, M. M., Falgas‐Bagué, I., Francisco Collazos, D., Carmona, R., Markle, S. L., Wang, Y., Baca‐García, E., Cook, B. L., Chavez, L. M., Fortuna, L. R., et al. (2019) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.6927 · Cited by 27 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Only two studies employed cultural adaptation (k= 1 in active control, Black & Amaro, 2019 and k= 1 in inactive control, Alegría et al., 2019).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLawler, J. M., Esposito, E. A., Doyle, C., & Gunnar, M. R. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418001190 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Long, A. C. J., Renshaw, T. L., & Camarota, D. (2018) · Contemporary School Psychology · doi:10.1007/s40688-018-0177-y · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Allegiance effects in mindfulness-based interventions for psychiatric disorders: A meta-re-analysis
Goldberg, S. B., & Tucker, R. P. (2020) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2019.1664783 · Cited by 21 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…modest effect sizes observed here, coupled with the possibility that effects in the MBI literature are inflated (e.g., due to researcher allegiance; Goldberg & Tucker, 2020), it is important to consider MBIs as one of many evidence-based approaches that may help remediate the adverse impacts of…”
BackgroundSelf-citationKivlighan, D. M., Drinane, J. M., Tao, K. W., et al. (2019) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000352 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Goldberg, S. B., Zeliadt, S. B., Hoggatt, K. J., Simpson, T. L., Fortney, J. C., & Taylor, S. L. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01214-7 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationSun, S.-F., Pickover, A. M., Goldberg, S. B., Bhimji, J., Nguyen, J. K., Evans, A., Patterson, B., & Kaslow, N. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01207-6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citation
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Mindfulness enhances cognitive functioning: a meta-analysis of 111 randomized controlled trials
Zainal, N. H., & Newman, M. G. (2023) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2023.2248222 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“It is essential to test MBIs ’ impact on diverse populations, as outcomes may vary, such as weaker e ff ects in older adults (Goldberg et al., 2021), children (Dunning et al., 2019), persons of colour, and those with low income (Sun et al., 2022).”
BackgroundA common factors perspective on mindfulness-based interventions
Goldberg, S. B. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00090-8 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationDavies, J. N., Faschinger, A., Galante, J., & Dam, N. T. V. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-64562-y · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Johnson, B. T., Acabchuk, R. L., George, E. A., Nardi, W. R., Sun, S., Salmoirago‐Blotcher, E., Scharf, J. Y., & Loucks, E. B. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02212-6 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationOverall and differential attrition in mindfulness-based interventions: A meta-analysis
Lam, S. U., Kirvin-Quamme, A., & Goldberg, S. B. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01970-z · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationMeditation, mindfulness, and acceptance methods in psychotherapy: A systematic review
Goldberg, S. B., Anders, C., Stuart-Maver, S. L., & Kivlighan, D. M. (2023) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2023.2209694 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“It is also important to investigate cultural adaptation of these methods (Sun et al., 2021), given that culturally-adapted treatments outperform non-adapted treatments for racial/ethnic minority groups in psychotherapy generally (Benish et al., 2011).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationChang, D. F., Donald, J. N., Whitney, J. M., Miao, I. Y., & Sahdra, B. K. (2023) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672231178518 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“A meta-analysis of MBIs among people of color found smaller effect sizes relative to findings in other populations (Sun et al., 2021), highlighting the need for future studies to confirm that such interventions are effective for culturally diverse populations and if and how they may need to be…”
Examining equity in access and utilization of a freely available meditation app
Jiwani, Z., Tatar, R., Dahl, C. J., Wilson‐Mendenhall, C. D., Hirshberg, M. J., Davidson, R. J., & Goldberg, S. B. (2023) · npj Mental Health Research · doi:10.1038/s44184-023-00025-y · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Additionally, recent meta-analyses have shown that MBIs may have bene fi cial effects on vulnerable populations such as people of color 14 .”
BackgroundSelf-citationDeshpande, A. G., Johnson, J. R., Casta, A. M., Marien, M. S., & Reiff, M. (2023) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2023.2198028 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Haidar, A., Nwosisi, E., & Burnett‐Zeigler, I. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02194-5 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Yet, the currently available evidence for the effectiveness of MBIs among racial and ethnic minority communities is modest, and evidence of acceptability is mixed (Sun et al., 2022).”
BackgroundInfluentialJiwani, Z., Lam, S. U., Davidson, R. J., & Goldberg, S. B. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01985-6 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationMechanisms of Mindfulness: A Longitudinal Study of a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program
Davis, K. M., Wojcik, C. M., Baillie, A. J., Foley, E., Goddard, T., Lau, M. A., & Haigh, E. A. P. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02359-w · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“For instance, race and ethnicity, as well as sexual and gender minority status, have all been shown to differentially predict MBI outcomes (Sun et al., 2021, 2022).”
Hytman, L., Amestoy, M. E., Ueberholz, R. Y., & Fiocco, A. J. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02501-8 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Nardi, W. R., Elshabassi, N., Spas, J. J., Zima, A., Saadeh, F. B., & Loucks, E. B. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14775-5 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationZainal, N. H., & Newman, M. G. (2024) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2024.102825 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A Scoping Review of Culturally Adapted Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Communities of Color
Morales, A., & Burnett‐Zeigler, I. (2024) · Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/jicm.2023.0807 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Li, W. W., McIntyre, R., Reid, C., & Chao, M. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02440-4 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Malboeuf‐Hurtubise, C., Taylor, G., Lambert, D., Paradis, P.-O., Léger‐Goodes, T., Mageau, G. A., Labbé, G., Smith, J., & Joussemet, M. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-66915-z · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“This pattern persists across different populations, including psychiatric patients, medical subjects, and both healthy adults and youth 84 .”
BackgroundHaidar, A., Kalantzis, M. A., Nallajerla, M., VELA, A. M., Adler, S. R., & Burnett‐Zeigler, I. (2024) · Global Advances in Integrative Medicine and Health · doi:10.1177/27536130241247074 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“19 The present study sought to explore perceptions of mindfulness among Arab/MENA Americans and identify potential cultural adaptations to MBIs.”
BackgroundThe Use of Brief Mindfulness Interventions in the Context of Perioperative Care
Kelly, E. P., McGee, J., Klatt, M. D., Beckers, G., & Pawlik, T. M. (2024) · The American Surgeon · doi:10.1177/00031348241230092 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“21 33-35 In fact, there is evidence to demonstrate that mindfulness is a feasible and acceptable intervention among historically marginalized communities if the intervention incorporates relevant cultural adaptations (ie, inclusion of spirituality and religion that is culturally sensitive).”
BackgroundThe mindful resiliency in recovery model: empowering the transcendence of stigma
Moniz-Lewis, D. I. K. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1460329 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Simmons, A., Ferry, M., & Christopher, M. (2023) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941231213646 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“In terms of intervention research, a recent systematic review and meta-analysis of 24 MBI randomized controlled trials with predominately racially minoritized participants found increased well-being in the MBI group compared to active and inactive controls (Sun et al., 2022).”
Hungerford, C. L., Hills, S., Richards, C., Robinson, T., & Hills, D. (2022) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2022.2116510 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Rush, C. L., Brewer, J. R., Levey, N., Presciutti, A., McDermott, K. A., Pasinski, R., Yousif, N., Gholston, M., Raju, V., Greenberg, J., et al. (2024) · Family & Community Health · doi:10.1097/fch.0000000000000416 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationExpanding the Reach of Mindfulness: A Mechanistic Approach and AI Applications
Tan, K. S. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02486-4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Despite evidence suggesting that mindfulness practice can yield similar positive effects for these populations, they face unique barriers to accessing and adhering to MBPs (Bhambhani & Gallo, 2022; Sun et al., 2021).”
Toward inclusive and identity safe learning for supporting racialized student achievement
Holden, L. R., Tanenbaum, G. J., & Ashley, A. (2023) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2477 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Au, M., Lipschutz, R. S., Mekawi, Y., Lathan, E. C., Dixon, H. D., Carter, S. E., Hinrichs, R. C., Bradley, B., Kaslow, N. J., Nugent, N. R., et al. (2024) · Journal of Mood and Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.xjmad.2024.100092 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“To date, the representation of Black adults in mindfulness research remains limited [13], and the benefits of MBCT in socioeconomically marginalized Black adults with PTSD and depression is untested.”
SMART HOME TECHNOLOGIES FOR BIOHACKING
(2025) · doi:10.56543/aaeeu.2025.4.1.01 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Zainal, N. H., Tan, H. H., Hong, R. Y. S., & Newman, M. G. (2025) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/67210 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“These findings extended previous trials, which showed that MBIs, including the brief MEMI [168], produced stronger efficacy for White (vs non-White) individuals in mostly United States settings [169,170].”
Malboeuf‐Hurtubise, C., Taylor, G., Lambert, D., et al. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4049312/v1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sease, T. B., Andersland, M., Perkins, D. R., Sandoz, E. K., Jean, C., Sudduth, H., & Cox, C. R. (2024) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2024.100815 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Roudebush, M., Murray, D. W., Netschytailo, H., & Jensen, T. M. (2024) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12294 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pham, T. V., Kincade, M., & Vranceanu, A. (2023) · PubMed · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lagunas, M.-A., Jin, J., Rivera, P. M., & Widman, C. (2025) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053241312493 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…Therapy (ACT) offers a promising framework that aligns with our findings by emphasizing values-guided action and present-moment awareness, showing effectiveness in both chronic pain management (Feliu-Soler et al., 2018) and in work with diverse racial and ethnic groups (Sun et al., 2021).”
Montemayor, B. N., Merianos, A. L., Bergeron, C. D., Sherman, L. D., Jacobs, W., Chung, S. Y., Hassan, A., & Smith, M. L. (2025) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1007/s10900-025-01500-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Chiu, D. T., Fein, F., Thompson‐Lastad, A., Hartogensis, W., Christian, S. N., Ekman, E., & Chao, M. T. (2025) · Global Advances in Integrative Medicine and Health · doi:10.1177/27536130251347913 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“8 This study utilized a convergent mixed methods design to comprehensively evaluate a mindfulness elective integrated into an existing job training program for diverse, lower income emerging adults.”
InfluentialVandenBos, S. V., Pokorny, J. J., Skwara, A. C., Diaw, S., King, B. G., Zanesco, A. P., Majied, K., Saron, C. D., & Conklin, Q. A. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02556-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Indeed, recent reviews and meta-analyses have highlighted the lack of diversity variables reported in mindfulness research (Eichel et al., 2021) and the paucity of research on mindfulness interventions in communities of color and in sexual and gender minorities (Sun et al., 2021, 2022).”
Mindfulness Processes that Mitigate COVID-Related Stressors in Caregivers in the United States
Wen, N. J., Lo, S. L., & Miller, A. L. (2023) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-023-02681-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Emerging work on mindfulness-based interventions and their effectiveness for people of color suggests that mindfulness may be effective at reducing stress and increasing well-being (Sun et al., 2022).”
Zohar, S., Yuval, K., Gebremariam, S. G., Goldberg, S. B., Aviad, N., Baldwin, S. A., & Bernstein, A. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02675-9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…evidence-based active controls on depression, depressive relapse, stress, or other psychiatric conditions or symptoms among diverse populations (Goldberg et al., 2022b), though primarily Western populations and contexts (Carlson, 2018; DeLuca et al., 2018; Sun et al., 2022; Waldron et al., 2018).”
Self-citationRigsby, B. A., Attai, A. K., Henner, K. K., Lancaster, G. M., Boucher, C., Ballard, J. R., Carrizales, M. G., Faw, M. H., Brown, S. M., & Lucas‐Thompson, R. G. (2026) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.70145 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Adolescents' trajectories of mental health in the MYRIAD trial
Holst, C. G., Skripkauskaitė, S., Andrews, J. L., Montero‐Marín, J., Hinze, V., Dalgleish, T., Kuyken, W., MYRIAD team, & Foulkes, L. (2025) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.70046 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Likewise, some studies (DeLuca et al., 2018; Sun et al., 2022) suggest that mindfulness - based interventions could have differential effects on different ethnic groups, with some minority groups potentially benefitting more; however, this area has been largely unexplored.”
Toward inclusive and identity safe learning for supporting racialized student achievementPreprint
Holden, L. R., Tanenbaum, G. J., & Ashley, A. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/pwcbr · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Farewell, C. V., Schmiege, S. J., & Leiferman, J. A. (2025) · Maternal Health Neonatology and Perinatology · doi:10.1186/s40748-025-00213-y · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“However, an alternative study found that MBIs that had a higher proportion of BIPOC had larger effect sizes which aligns with the findings in the current study [91].”
InfluentialJo, D., Pan, M. C., & Masuda, A. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02536-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Proulx, J. A., Cooley, C., Wagle, S., O’Brien, K., Croff, R. L., Bergen‐Cico, D., Ukpik, A., Turner, C., Super, M., Warren, M., et al. (2026) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02755-w · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationJones, G. M., Castro‐Ramirez, F., Al‐Suwaidi, M., McGuire, T. C., & Herrmann, F. M. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/53268 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“First, most mindfulness interventions are not culturally adapted to resonate with Black Americans, despite meta-analytic consensus indicating the superior effectiveness of culturally adapted interventions compared to nonadapted interventions [18-20].”
BackgroundReyes, A. T., Fudolig, M. A., Brock, A., Sharma, M., & Evangelista, L. S. (2025) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2025.2556448 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Likewise, a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of mindfulness interventions among people of colour found a below-small effect size compared to active controls and a small effect size compared to inactive controls (Sun et al., 2022).”
Centering mindfulness to address cardiovascular and psychological health in Black and Latina women
Brewer, L. C., Burnett‐Zeigler, I., & Loucks, E. B. (2025) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-025-00537-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationSelvan, A., Nayar, S., & Somasundaram, T. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02475-7
“Further, Bigelow (2023), Sun et al. (2021), Watson-Singleton et al. (2019), and Bhambhani and Gallo (2022) explored the effectiveness of culturally adapted MBIs for transgender youth, sexual minority men, and African American women, as well as racially and economically oppressed individuals.”
Pilot Evaluation of a Mobile Health Intervention for Smoking Cessation in Rural and Urban Georgia
Spears, C. A., Bowick, A., Moore, J. X., Mason, L., Cottrell‐Daniels, C., Willis, A. B., & Tingen, M. S. (2026) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/08901171261462333
Danioni, F., Paleari, F. G., Lumera, D., Franchini, C., & Regalia, C. (2025) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x251345941
Murphy, M., Henderson, K. C., Abdirahim, S., Kulkarni, T., Kendzor, D. E., Businelle, M. S., Eriksen, M. P., Hayat, M. J., Wetter, D. W., & Spears, C. A. (2026) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053261461905
Aldbyani, A., & Alhimaidi, A. (2026) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-026-02923-6
Kalinowski, J., Anderson, R., Uzoigwe, N., Chagomerana, C., Loucks, E. B., Pagoto, S., Newton, R. L., Mama, S. K., & Johnson, B. T. (2025) · Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.5334/paah.435
Self-citationMeditation, Mindfulness, and Acceptance
Goldberg, S. B., Anders, C., Stuart-Maver, S. L., & Kivlighan, D. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197611012.003.0020
Self-citationChang, D. F., Doucet, F., Whitney, J. M., Miao, I. Y., Yoo, N., Zwerger, N., Kaplan, J. E., Antoine-Abiala, C., Romano, L. E., & Flook, L. (2026) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-026-02823-9
“The MBCC-T group also showed higher completion rates among those who spoke only English and had 50.00% or more BIPOC students in their classrooms.”
InfluentialTaggart, T., Sawyer, S., Mitchell, C., Ekanayake-Weber, M. S., Faris, R., Gottfredson, N. C., Robinson, L. E., Woodard, B., Lin, W.-C., Xu, Y., et al. (2026) · Societies · doi:10.3390/soc16040112
“Unlike prior reviews that focus on individual-level interventions, we examine systems-level approaches aimed at addressing the structural drivers of health inequities [32,33].”
Recommending Meditation in Complex PTSD: Clinical Considerations
Tustison, J. (2026) · Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association · doi:10.1177/10783903261488383
Zvolensky, M. J., Garey, L., Gallagher, M. W., Cheney, M. K., Vujanovic, A. A., Kendzor, D. E., Stephens, L. D., Cole, A. B., Mao, B., Kezbers, K. M., et al. (2026) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2026.105144
Alexander, K., Carswell, S. B., Woolworth, R., Simpson, A., & Gryczyński, J. (2026) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2026.2731765
Disney, L., Owen-Smith, A., Bray-Hayes, M., & Moon, Y. (2026) · Studies in Clinical Social Work Transforming Practice Education and Research · doi:10.1080/28376811.2026.2622967
Sun, S., Rajasankar, V., Giovannone, N., Miguel, C., Harrer, M., van Straten, A., Cuijpers, P. J., Loucks, E. B., & Goldberg, S. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-113883
Self-citationRamos, G., Montoya, A. K., Aguilera, A., Lau, A. S., Enders, C. K., Wen, C. Y., & Chavira, D. A. (2026) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/84328
“Based on results from 158 studies of traditional mindfulness interventions [8,10] and 43 studies of mindfulness-based DMHIs [22], this RCT is one of the first studies to support the effectiveness of a low-intensity mindfulness-based DMHI in reducing discrimination-related mental health symptoms…”
Williams, M. P., Simon, D. M., Seward, M., Tatar, R., Huberty, J., Vranceanu, A., & Plys, E. (2026) · JMIR Aging · doi:10.2196/83618
“Both state and trait mindfulness are associated with lower perceived stress across multiple populations [10-12], including caregivers of persons living with dementia [13-15].”
- Authors
- Sun, S., Goldberg, S. B., Loucks, E. B., & Brewer, J. A.
- Affiliations
- Brown University (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sun, Shufang
- Venue
- Psychotherapy Research
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2021-06-07
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 277-290
- ISSN
- 1050-3307 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-4381
- PMC
- PMC8648858
- OpenAlex
- W3168772374
- Cited by
- 64
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 5
- FWCI
- 1.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychotherapy Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- mindfulness-based interventions, people of color, racial and ethnic minorities, intervention efficacy, well-being, attrition rates, health promotion, low-income populations, mental health
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Outpatients, Poverty, Racial Groups, Mindfulness
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