Volitional components of consciousness vary across wakefulness, dreaming and lucid dreaming
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Consciousness is a multifaceted concept; its different aspects vary across species, vigilance states, or health conditions. While basal aspects of consciousness like perceptions and emotions are present in many states and species, higher-order aspects like reflective or volitional capabilities seem to be most pronounced in awake humans. Here we assess the experience of volition across different states of consciousness: 10 frequent lucid dreamers rated different aspects of volition according to the Volitional Components Questionnaire for phases of normal dreaming, lucid dreaming, and wakefulness. Overall, experienced volition was comparable for lucid dreaming and wakefulness, and rated significantly higher for both states compared to non-lucid dreaming. However, three subscales showed specific differences across states of consciousness: planning ability was most pronounced during wakefulness, intention enactment most pronounced during lucid dreaming, and self-determination most pronounced during both wakefulness and lucid dreaming. Our data confirm the multifaceted nature of consciousness: different higher-order aspects of consciousness are differentially expressed across different conscious states.
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Dream lucidity led dreamers to affect oneiric contents, also altering their emotional negative charge.
“In other words, dream lucidity led dreamers to affect oneiric contents, also altering their emotional negative charge (Dresler et al., 2011, 2014).”
From The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes (2019) · cites this paper as Dresler et al., 2014
The Discussion (Lucid Dreaming as Higher-Order Consciousness; page unavailable) says lucid dreamers can volitionally execute intentions within the dream narrative, supporting the claim that they can affect dream content. The passages on emotions do not say that lucidity alters their negative charge. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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““fpsyg-04-00987” — 2013/12/31 — 16:41 — page 1 — #1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 02 January 2014 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00987 Volitional components of consciousness vary across wakefulness, dreaming, and lucid dreaming”
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Tinnitus, lucid dreaming and awakening. An online survey and theoretical implications.
Guillard, R., Dauman, N., Cadix, A., Linck, C. G., Congedo, M., Ridder, D. D., & Londero, A. (2025) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/j.heares.2025.109204 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Autistic Dreaming: a phenomenological study of dreaming and well-being
Pindar, S.-A. (2019) · Sheffield Hallam University · doi:10.7190/shu-thesis-00319
Felt (dis)continuity of the self in dreams and its relation with the body and affectivityPreprint
Trakas, M., & Daley, R. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5867566
Trakas, M., & Daley, R. T. (2026) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2026.104096
Stumbrys, T., & Atlas, N. (2026) · doi:10.1002/9781394215683.ch26
- Authors
- Dresler, M., Eibl, L., Fischer, C. F. J., Wehrle, R., Spoormaker, V. I., Steiger, A., Czisch, M., & Pawlowski, M.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Dresler, Martin
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2014
- Volume
- 4
- Pages
- 987-987
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3877766
- OpenAlex
- W2095706928
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 5.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Free Will and Agency
- Keywords
- volition, consciousness, lucid dreaming, dreams, wakefulness, planning skills, self-determination, higher-order consciousness, states of consciousness
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