The cognitive neuroscience of lucid dreaming

Baird, Benjamin; Mota-Rolim, Sergio A.; Dresler, Martin

doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.008

Cited by 193Sleep and Wakefulness ResearchSleep and related disordersParanormal Experiences and Beliefs

The cognitive neuroscience of lucid dreaming

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Baird, Benjamin, Mota-Rolim, Sergio A., Dresler, Martin·2019·Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

DOI 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.008PMC PMC6451677

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Abstract

Lucid dreaming refers to the phenomenon of becoming aware of the fact that one is dreaming during ongoing sleep. Despite having been physiologically validated for decades, the neurobiology of lucid dreaming is still incompletely characterized. Here we review the neuroscientific literature on lucid dreaming, including electroencephalographic, neuroimaging, brain lesion, pharmacological and brain stimulation studies. Electroencephalographic studies of lucid dreaming are mostly underpowered and show mixed results. Neuroimaging data is scant but preliminary results suggest that prefrontal and parietal regions are involved in lucid dreaming. A focus of research is also to develop methods to induce lucid dreams. Combining training in mental set with cholinergic stimulation has shown promising results, while it remains unclear whether electrical brain stimulation could be used to induce lucid dreams. Finally, we discuss strategies to measure lucid dreaming, including best-practice procedures for the sleep laboratory. Lucid dreaming has clinical and scientific applications, and shows emerging potential as a methodology in the cognitive neuroscience of consciousness. Further research with larger sample sizes and refined methodology is needed.

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The teaching signal dreamed for the discriminator neurons may give the subject the awareness that its current state is the dream, and is in fact happening in lucid dreaming.
“The teaching signal dreamed for the discriminator neurons may give the subject the awareness that its current state is the dream, and is in fact happening in lucid dreaming [61].”
From How Adversarial REM Dreams May Facilitate Creativity, and Why We Become Aware of Them (2024) · cites this paper as [61]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says that people can be aware they are dreaming while physiologically asleep, supporting the lucid-dreaming part of the claim. The passages found do not describe a dreamed teaching signal, discriminator neurons, or that proposed mechanism for producing awareness. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The dentate gyrus, which contains many Fos positive neurons during REM sleep, may be central to the generation of concatenated activations.
“The dentate gyrus, which contains many Fos positive neurons during REM sleep217, may be central to the generation of concatenated activations.”
From Consciousness and sleep (2024) · cites this paper as [217]
The Neuroimaging of lucid dreaming section discusses cortical activity during REM sleep, but does not address Fos-positive neurons in the dentate gyrus. Searches of our full-text copy for “Fos-positive neurons,” “dentate gyrus,” and “concatenated activations” found no passage supporting the claim, including the clause immediately preceding the citation. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
In lucid dreaming there appears to occur an increased prominence of interoceptive signals.
“In lucid dreaming there appears to occur an increased prominence of interoceptive signals.”
From Prodromal dreams (2025) · cites this paper as [88]
Lucid dreams represent another opportunity where prodromal information might be present.
“Lucid dreams ( 88 ) represent another opportunity where prodromal information might be present.”
From Prodromal dreams (2025) · cites this paper as [88]

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Authors: Baird, B., Mota-Rolim, S. A., & Dresler, M.
Affiliations: University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (BR)
Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
Corresponding author: Baird, Benjamin
ORCID: Baird, Benjamin
Mota-Rolim, Sergio A.
Dresler, Martin
Venue: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2019-05
Volume: 100
Pages: 305-323
ISSN: 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.008
PMC: PMC6451677
OpenAlex: W2922234293
Cited by: 192
References: 183
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 4
FWCI: 2.19
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: National Institutes of HealthNational Institutes of Health (NIH)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos do Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia
Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte
Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs
Keywords: lucid dreaming, prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, cholinergic stimulation, brain stimulation, lucid dream induction, consciousness
MeSH terms: Cognitive Neuroscience, Metacognition, Awareness, Brain, Brain Mapping, Dreams, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Brain Waves, Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

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The cognitive neuroscience of lucid dreaming

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