Lucid dreaming: a state of consciousness with features of both waking and non-lucid dreaming
Open accessAbstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES: The goal of the study was to seek physiological correlates of lucid dreaming. Lucid dreaming is a dissociated state with aspects of waking and dreaming combined in a way so as to suggest a specific alteration in brain physiology for which we now present preliminary but intriguing evidence. We show that the unusual combination of hallucinatory dream activity and wake-like reflective awareness and agentive control experienced in lucid dreams is paralleled by significant changes in electrophysiology. DESIGN: 19-channel EEG was recorded on up to 5 nights for each participant. Lucid episodes occurred as a result of pre-sleep autosuggestion. SETTING: Sleep laboratory of the Neurological Clinic, Frankfurt University. PARTICIPANTS: Six student volunteers who had been trained to become lucid and to signal lucidity through a pattern of horizontal eye movements. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Results show lucid dreaming to have REM-like power in frequency bands delta and theta, and higher-than-REM activity in the gamma band, the between-states-difference peaking around 40 Hz. Power in the 40 Hz band is strongest in the frontal and frontolateral region. Overall coherence levels are similar in waking and lucid dreaming and significantly higher than in REM sleep, throughout the entire frequency spectrum analyzed. Regarding specific frequency bands, waking is characterized by high coherence in alpha, and lucid dreaming by increased delta and theta band coherence. In lucid dreaming, coherence is largest in frontolateral and frontal areas. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that lucid dreaming constitutes a hybrid state of consciousness with definable and measurable differences from waking and from REM sleep, particularly in frontal areas.
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Lucid dreaming is associated with further increased gamma activity and coherence in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex relative to REM sleep, approaching waking levels.
“Lucid dreaming is associated with further increased gamma activity and coherence in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex relative to REM sleep, approaching levels consistent with waking (Voss et al., 2009).”
From Conscious Processing and the Global Neuronal Workspace Hypothesis (2020) · cites this paper as Voss et al., 2009
The Abstract reports higher-than-REM gamma activity in lucid dreaming, strongest in frontal and frontolateral regions, and overall coherence similar to waking and higher than REM. But the regional differences section says the EEG data cannot test whether the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is reactivated, and it does not establish a gamma-specific coherence increase there. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBecause lucid dreaming is considered a hybrid of REM sleep and waking, studies showing a causal role for the prefrontal cortex in lucid dreaming support a role for the prefrontal cortex in waking consciousness.
“Given that lucid dreaming is considered a hybrid of REM sleep and waking (Voss et al., 2009), studies demonstrating a causal role for the prefrontal cortex in lucid dreaming thus also support a role for the prefrontal cortex in waking consciousness.”
From Conscious Processing and the Global Neuronal Workspace Hypothesis (2020) · cites this paper as Voss et al., 2009
Emergence of the observing self is associated with frontal lobe activation.
“Emergence of the observing self is associated with frontal lobe activation (Voss et al., 2009), a fact that accords well with executive functions attributed to this region.”
From Virtual reality and consciousness inference in dreaming (2014) · cites this paper as Voss et al., 2009
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- Authors
- Voss, U., Holzmann, R., Tuin, I., & Hobson, A. J.
- Affiliations
- Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research (DE)
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Voss, Ursula
- Venue
- Sleep
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2009-09
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1191-1200
- ISSN
- 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9109
- PMC
- PMC2737577
- OpenAlex
- W1693689577
- Cited by
- 445
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 9.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- SLEEP (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs
- Keywords
- lucid dreaming, REM sleep, EEG coherence, EEG spectral power, gamma band, delta band, theta band, frontal lobe activity, alpha band
- MeSH terms
- Awareness, Brain, Brain Mapping, Consciousness, Dreams, Electroencephalography, Female, Germany, Humans, Male, Sleep, REM, Students, Time Factors, Wakefulness, Young Adult
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