Increased lucid dreaming frequency in narcolepsy
Open accessAbstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE: Nightmares are a frequent symptom in narcolepsy. Lucid dreaming, i.e., the phenomenon of becoming aware of the dreaming state during dreaming, has been demonstrated to be of therapeutic value for recurrent nightmares. Data on lucid dreaming in narcolepsy patients, however, is sparse. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of recalled dreams (DF), nightmares (NF), and lucid dreams (LDF) in narcolepsy patients compared to healthy controls. In addition, we explored if dream lucidity provides relief during nightmares in narcolepsy patients. DESIGN: We interviewed patients with narcolepsy and healthy controls. SETTING: Telephone interview. PATIENTS: 60 patients diagnosed with narcolepsy (23-82 years, 35 females) and 919 control subjects (14-93 years, 497 females). INTERVENTIONS: N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Logistic regression revealed significant (P < 0.001) differences in DF, NF, and LDF between narcolepsy patients and controls after controlling for age and gender, with effect sizes lying in the large range (Cohen's d > 0.8). The differences in NF and LDF between patients and controls stayed significant after controlling for DF. Comparison of 35 narcolepsy patients currently under medication with their former drug-free period revealed significant differences in DF and NF (z < 0.05, signed-rank test) but not LDF (z = 0.8). Irrespective of medication, 70% of narcolepsy patients with experience in lucid dreaming indicated that dream lucidity provides relief during nightmares. CONCLUSION: Narcolepsy patients experience a markedly higher lucid dreaming frequency compared to controls, and many patients report a positive impact of dream lucidity on the distress experienced from nightmares.
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Narcoleptic patients who had experience with lucid dreaming felt that dream lucidity provides relief during nightmares.
“In fact, narcoleptic patients who had experience with lucid dreaming felt that dream lucidity provides relief during nightmares (Rak et al., 2015).”
From The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes (2019) · cites this paper as Rak et al., 2015
Nightmares occur with a certain frequency in narcolepsy, likely because of daytime stress due to impairments caused by narcolepsy.
“Also, nightmares seem to occur with a certain frequency in this population (Schredl, 1998; Schredl et al., 2012; Pisko et al., 2014), likely because of daytime stress due to the impairments caused by narcolepsy (Rak et al., 2015).”
From The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes (2019) · cites this paper as Rak et al., 2015
Both posterior and frontal gamma activity seems related to emotional processes and dream recall, and the gamma band is related to lucid dreams, which are associated with attenuation of nightmares.
“Also, both posterior and frontal gamma activity seems to be related to emotional processes and dream recall and -interestingly- this band is related to lucid dreams (Voss et al., 2014; Dodet et al., 2015), that are associated with an attenuation of nightmares (Rak et al., 2015).”
From The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes (2019) · cites this paper as Rak et al., 2015
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“Narcolepsy severity is correlated with an increase in DRF and higher occurrence of nightmares and lucid dreams (71, 72).”
BackgroundConsciousness and Meta-Consciousness During Sleep
Baird, B., Erlacher, D., Czisch, M., Spoormaker, V. I., & Dresler, M. (2019) · Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813743-7.00019-0 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Mundt, J. M., Pruiksma, K. E., Konkoly, K. R., Cassiello-Robbins, C. F., Nadorff, M. R., Franklin, R., Karanth, S., Byskosh, N., Morris, D., Torres-Platas, S. G., et al. (2024) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14384 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Additionally, the stress of having narcolepsy may further contribute to nightmares (Rak et al., 2015; Schredl, 2014).”
Dresler, M., Erlacher, D., Czisch, M., & Spoormaker, V. I. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-24288-2.00052-0 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The clinical neuroscience of lucid dreaming
Tzioridou, S., Campillo-Ferrer, T., Cañas-Martín, J., Schlüter, L., Torres-Platas, S. G., Gott, J., Soffer‐Dudek, N., Stumbrys, T., & Dresler, M. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106011 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sleep Disorder Comorbidities in Narcolepsy
Peraita‐Adrados, R., & Martínez-Orozco, F. J. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-23739-8_12 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Picard‐Deland, C., Cesari, M., Stefani, A., Maranci, J., Högl, B., & Arnulf, I. (2025) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.70090 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Investigating on the Methodology Effect When Evaluating Lucid Dream
Ribeiro, N., Gounden, Y., & Quaglino, V. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01306 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“For instance narcolepsy patients are found to report markedly higher LD frequency than typical dreamers (Dodet et al., 2015; Rak et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialUsing Real-time Reporting to Investigate Visual Experiences in Dreams
Konkoly, K. R., Al-Youssef, S., Mazurek, C. Y., Mallett, R., Morris, D., Gales, A. Z., Arnulf, I., Oudiette, D., & Paller, K. A. (2025) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.a.107 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…lucidity reactivation (TLR; Carr et al., 2023) to healthy lucid dreamers and (b) we included individuals with narcolepsy, a hypersomnia disorder associated with increased lucid dreaming (Dodet, Chavez, Leu-Semenescu, Golmard, & Arnulf, 2015; Rak, Beitinger, Steiger, Schredl, & Dresler, 2015).”
Hagemeyer, B., Salomo, S., Engelhardt, C., Neyer, F. J., & Rupprecht, S. (2019) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191119847767 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Previous studies have shown that several aspects of dream experience (e.g., recall frequency) decrease with age (Giambra, Jung, & Grodsky, 1996; Rak et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSpinoni, M., Scarpelli, S., Benedetti, I. D. P., Med, C., Ciolli, P., Rech, F., Gennaro, L. D., & Grano, C. (2024) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14423 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…patients, who experience frequent awakenings and rapid transitions between sleep stages, report frequent lucid dreams and increased daytime sleepiness (Scarpelli et al., 2021), further supporting the idea that fragmented sleep naturally promotes lucidity (Dodet et al., 2015; Rak et al., 2015).”
Schredl, M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95453-0_6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Wamsley, E. J. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-23739-8_18 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
(DGSM), A. T. D. D. G. F. S. U. S., Schredl, M., & Schmitt, J. (2019) · Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin · doi:10.1007/s11818-019-0199-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dream Generation and Recall in Daytime NREM Sleep of Patients With Narcolepsy Type 1
Cipolli, C., Pizza, F., Bellucci, C., Mazzetti, M., Tuozzi, G., Vandi, S., & Plazzi, G. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.608757 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Scarpelli, S., Alfonsi, V., & Gennaro, L. D. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197602751.013.21 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Behavioral Presentations of Central Disorders of Hypersomnolence
Praharaj, S. K. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-0123-1_13 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Valiensi, S. M., Raffaelli, C., Rosler, R., & Izbizky, G. H. (2022) · Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Córdoba · doi:10.31053/1853.0605.v79.n1.32492
“Creemos que, además, será necesario controlar los posibles factores de confusión como la presencia/frecuencia de pesadillas, parámetros subjetivos del sueño [16, 17] como, por ejemplo, deberíamos agregar agendas de sueño que mencionen horas de sueño, días previos a la presencia de SL y también sería necesario, evaluar…”
BackgroundMorris, D., & Baird, B. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822963-7.00035-9
Raduga, M., & Zhunusova, Z. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/x5a36
Narcolepsy-related nightmares: a distinct type of nightmares in need of further study
Mundt, J. M. (2024) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsae197
The distinctive characteristics of REM sleep and dreams in narcolepsy
Scarpelli, S., & Gennaro, L. D. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-30004-2.00020-1
The borderland between wakefulness and sleep, a doorway into creativity
Lacaux, C. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/a9f3460dz3d02z42aczad97zf8c513812801 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Décoder l’émotion des rêves à l’aide des parasomnies et du sommeil paradoxal lucide
Maranci, J. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/2aa250b1zf8eez480dzae56z635743e1532a
Hlodak, J., Feketeová, E., Veselská, Z. D., & Gecková, A. M. (2026) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2026.109135
The cognitive neuroscience of lucid dreaming
Raczek, K., & Dresler, M. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29258-3.00016-1
- Authors
- Rak, M., Beitinger, P., Steiger, A., Schredl, M., & Dresler, M.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (DE)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Dresler, Martin
- Venue
- SLEEP
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2015-05-01
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 787-792
- ISSN
- 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9109
- PMC
- PMC4402667
- OpenAlex
- W2054334171
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 2 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 2.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- SLEEP (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Restless Legs Syndrome Research
- Keywords
- narcolepsy, lucid dreaming, nightmares, dream recall, dream content
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Awareness, Dreams, Female, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Middle Aged, Narcolepsy, Mental Recall, Case-Control Studies, Young Adult
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