CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 41Neural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesEmotions and Moral Behavior

The interplay between the anticipation and subsequent online processing of emotional stimuli as measured by pupillary dilatation: the role of cognitive reappraisal

Open access
Vanderhasselt, Marie-Anne, Remue, Jonathan, Ng, Kwun Kei, De Raedt, Rudi·2014·Frontiers in Psychology
DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00207PMC PMC3952078
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Emotions can occur during an emotion-eliciting event, but they can also arise when anticipating the event. We used pupillary responses, as a measure of effortful cognitive processing, to test whether the anticipation of an emotional stimulus (positive and negative) influences the subsequent online processing of that emotional stimulus. Moreover, we tested whether individual differences in the habitual use of emotion regulation strategies are associated with pupillary responses during the anticipation and/or online processing of this emotional stimulus. Our results show that, both for positive and negative stimuli, pupillary diameter during the anticipation of emotion-eliciting events is inversely and strongly correlated to pupillary responses during the emotional image presentation. The variance in this temporal interplay between anticipation and online processing was related to individual differences in emotion regulation. Specifically, the results show that high reappraisal scores are related to larger pupil diameter during the anticipation which is related to smaller pupillary responses during the online processing of emotion-eliciting events. The habitual use of expressive suppression was not associated to pupillary responses in the anticipation and subsequent online processing of emotional stimuli. Taken together, the current data suggest (most strongly for individuals scoring high on the habitual use of reappraisal) that larger pupillary responses during the anticipation of an emotional stimulus are indicative of a sustained attentional set activation to prepare for an upcoming emotional stimulus, which subsequently directs a reduced need to cognitively process that emotional event. Hence, because the habitual use of reappraisal is known to have a positive influence on emotional well-being, the interplay between anticipation and online processing of emotional stimuli might be a significant marker of this well-being.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00207

Cites

7 of 7 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The finding is in accordance with Vanderhasselt et al.38, which demonstrates that presentation of an informative screen about the valence of the image to be displayed promotes higher cognitive engagement as measured by pupil diameter.

    “This finding is in accordance with the study by Vanderhasselt et al.38, which demonstrates that the presentation of an informative screen about the valence of the image to be displayed promotes higher cognitive engagement as measured by the pupil diameter.”

    From Ventrolateral but not Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex tDCS effectively impact emotion reappraisal – effects on Emotional Experience and Interbeat Interval (2018) · cites this paper as [38]

    The Materials and methods (Material; page unavailable) describe a screen that correctly cued the upcoming image’s valence, and the Discussion (page unavailable) treats larger pupil responses during anticipation as a proxy for greater mental effort. But the Discussion says only half of participants had larger responses during the cue than during the image; the study does not establish that presenting an informative screen generally increases cognitive engagement. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 47

  1. Allard E. S. Wadlinger H. A. Isaacowitz D. M. (2010). Positive gaze preferences in older adults: assessing the role of cognitive effort with pupil dilation. Neuropsychol. Dev. Cogn. B Aging Neuropsychol. Cogn. 17, 296– 311 10.1080/13825580903265681 19890752 PMC2855740 · DOI
  2. Aston-Jones G. Cohen J. D. (2005). An integrative theory of locus coeruleus-norepinephrine function: adaptive gain and optimal performance. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 28, 403– 450 10.1146/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135709 16022602 · DOI · Paper page
  3. Bitsios P. Szabadi E. Bradshaw C. M. (2004). The fear-inhibited light reflex: importance of the anticipation of an aversive event. Int J Psychophysiol. 52, 87– 95 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2003.12.006 15003375 · DOI
  4. Blair R. C. Karniski W. (1993). An alternative method for significance testing of waveform difference potentials. Psychophysiology 30, 518– 524 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb02075.x 8416078 · DOI
  5. Bradley M. M. Miccoli L. Escrig M. A. Lang P. J. (2008). The pupil as a measure of emotional arousal and autonomic activation. Psychophysiology 45, 602– 607 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00654.x 18282202 PMC3612940 · DOI · Paper page
  6. Braver T. S. (2012). The variable nature of cognitive control: a dual mechanisms framework. Trends Cogn. Sci. 16, 106– 113 10.1016/j.tics.2011.12.010 22245618 PMC3289517 · DOI · Paper page
  7. Braver T. S. Gray J. R. Burgess G. C. (2007). Explaining the many varieties of working memory variation: dual mechanisms of cognitive control, in Variation in Working Memory, eds Conway A. R. A. Jarrold C. Kane M. J. Miyake A. Towse J. N. (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 76– 106
  8. Cicchetti D. Ackerman B. P. Izard C. E. (1995). Emotions and emotion regulation and developmental psychopathology. Dev. Psychopathol. 7, 1– 10 10.1017/S0954579400006301 · DOI
  9. Cohen N. Henik A. Mor N. (2011). Can emotion modulate attention? Evidence for reciprocal links in the attentional network test. Exp Psychol. 58, 171– 179 10.1027/1618-3169/a000083 20705545 · DOI
  10. Etkin A. Egner T. Peraza D. M. Kandel E. R. Hirsch J. (2006). Resolving emotional conflict: a role for the rostral anterior cingulate cortex in modulating activity in the amygdale. Neuron 51, 871– 882 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.07.029 16982430 · DOI · Paper page
  11. Goldin P. R. McRae K. Ramel W. Gross J. J. (2008). The neural bases of emotion regulation: reappraisal and suppression of negative emotion. Biol. Psychiatry 63, 577– 586 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.05.031 17888411 PMC2483789 · DOI · Paper page
  12. Gramer M. Reitbauer C. (2010). The influence of social support on cardiovascular responses during stressor anticipation and active coping. Biol. Psychol. 85, 268– 274 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.07.013 20673842 · DOI
  13. Gross J. J. Thompson R. A. (2007). Emotion regulation: conceptual foundations, in Handbook of Emotion Regulation, ed Gross J. J. (New York, NY: Guilford Press), 3– 24
  14. Hess E. H. Polt J. M. (1964). Pupil size in relation to mental activity during simple problem-solving. Science 143, 1190– 1192 10.1126/science.143.3611.1190 17833905 · DOI · Paper page
  15. Jepma M. Nieuwenhuis S. (2011). Pupil diameter predicts changes in the exploration-exploitation trade-off: evidence for the adaptive gain theory. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 23, 1587– 1596 10.1162/jocn.2010.21548 20666595 · DOI
  16. Johnstone T. van Reekum C. M. Urry H. L. Kalin N. H. Davidson R. J. (2007). Failure to regulate: counterproductive recruitment of top-down prefrontal–subcortical circuitry in major depression. J. Neurosci. 27, 8877– 8884 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2063-07.2007 17699669 PMC6672169 · DOI · Paper page
  17. Koole S. L. (2009). The psychology of emotion regulation: an integrative review. Cogn. Emot. 23, 4– 41 10.1080/02699930802619031 · DOI · Paper page
  18. Krishnan A. Williams L. J. McIntosh A. R. Abdi H. (2011). Partial Least Squares (PLS) methods for neuroimaging: a tutorial and review. Neuroimage 56, 455– 475 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.07.034 20656037 · DOI
  19. Loewenfeld I. E. (1993). The Pupil: Anatomy, Physiology, and Clinical Applications. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press
  20. Maris E. Oostenveld R. (2007). Nonparametric statistical testing of EEG- and MEG-data. J. Neurosci. Methods 164, 177– 190 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.03.024 17517438 · DOI · Paper page
  21. Mauss I. B. Cook C. L. Cheng J. Y. J. Gross J. J. (2007). Individual differences in cognitive reappraisal: experiential and physiological responses to an anger provocation. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 66, 116– 124 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007.03.017 17543404 · DOI
  22. McCormack H. M. David J. Horne L. Sheater S. (1988). Clinical applications of visual analogue scales: a critical review. Psychol. Med. 18, 1007– 1019 10.1017/S0033291700009934 3078045 · DOI
  23. McIntosh A. R. Chau W. K. Protzner A. B. (2004). Spatiotemporal analysis of event-related fMRI data using partial least squares. Neuroimage 23, 764– 775 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.05.018 15488426 · DOI
  24. McIntosh A. R. Lobaugh N. J. (2004). Partial least squares analysis of neuroimaging data: applications and advances. Neuroimage 23(Suppl. 1), S250– S263 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.07.020 15501095 · DOI
  25. McRae K. Jacobs S. E. Ray R. D. John O. P. Gross J. J. (2011). Individual differences in reappraisal ability: Links to reappraisal frequency, well-being, and cognitive control. J. Res. Pers. 46, 2– 7 10.1016/j.jrp.2011.10.003 · DOI · Paper page
  26. Moresi S. Adam J. J. Rijcken J. Van Gerven P. W. Kuipers H. Jolles J. (2008). Pupil dilation in response preparation. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 67, 124– 130 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007.10.011 18067982 · DOI
  27. Murphy P. R. Robertson I. H. Balsters J. H. O'Connell R. G. (2011). Pupillometry and P3 index the locus coeruleus-noradrenergic arousal function in humans. Psychophysiology 48, 1531– 1542 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01226.x 21762458 · DOI · Paper page
  28. Niedenthal P. M. Barsalou L. W. Ric F. Krauth-Gruber S. (2005b). Embodiment in the acquisition and use of emotion knowledge, in Emotion: Conscious and Unconscious, eds Feldman-Barrett L. Niedenthal P. M. Winkielman P. (New York, NY: Guilford Press), 21– 50
  29. Ochsner K. N. Gross J. J. (2005). The cognitive control of emotion. Trends Cogn. Sci. 9, 242– 249 10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.010 15866151 · DOI · Paper page
  30. Ochsner K. N. Knierim K. Ludlow D. H. Hanelin J. Ramachandran T. Glover G. (2004). Reflecting upon feelings: an fMRI study of neural systems supporting the attribution of emotion to self and other. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 16, 1746– 1772 10.1162/0898929042947829 15701226 · DOI · Paper page
  31. Ohira H. Nomura M. Ichikawa N. Isowa T. Iidaka T. Sato A. (2006). Association of neural and physiological responses during voluntary emotion suppression. Neuroimage 29, 721– 733 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.08.047 16249100 · DOI
  32. Okon-Singer H. Tzelgov J. Henik A. (2007). Distinguishing between automaticity and attention in the processing of emotionally significant stimuli. Emotion 7, 147– 157 10.1037/1528-3542.7.1.147 17352570 · DOI
  33. Parrot W. G. Sabini J. (1990). Mood and memory under natural conditions: evidence for mood-incongruent recall. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 59, 321– 336 10.1037//0022-3514.59.2.321 · DOI
  34. Pessoa L. Kastner S. Ungerleider L. G. (2002). Attentional control of the processing of neutral and emotional stimuli. Cogn. Brain Res. 15, 31– 45 10.1016/S0926-6410(02)00214-8 12433381 · DOI
  35. Richards J. M. Gross J. J. (2000). Emotion regulation and memory: the cognitive costs of keeping one's cool. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 79, 410– 424 10.1037//0022-3514.79.3.410 10981843 · DOI · Paper page
  36. Sheppes G. Gross J. J. (2011). Is timing everything? Temporal considerations in emotion regulation. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 15, 319– 331 10.1177/1088868310395778 21233326 · DOI
  37. Siegle G. J. Steinhauer S. R. Friedman E. S. Thompson W. S. Thase M. E. (2011). Remission prognosis for cognitive therapy for recurrent depression using the pupil: utility and neural correlates. Biol. Psychiatry 69, 726– 733 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.12.041 21447417 PMC3951934 · DOI
  38. Siegle G. J. Steinhauer S. R. Stenger V. A. Konecky R. Carter C. S. (2003). Use of concurrent pupil dilation assessment to inform interpretation and analysis of fMRI data. Neuroimage 20, 114– 124 10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00298-2 14527574 · DOI
  39. Silk J. S. Stroud L. R. Siegle G. J. Dahl R. E. Lee K. H. Nelson E. E. (2012). Peer acceptance and rejection through the eyes of youth: pupillary, eyetracking and ecological data from the Chatroom Interact task. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 7, 93– 105 10.1093/scan/nsr044 21775386 PMC3252631 · DOI · Paper page
  40. Steenhauer S. R. Condray R. Kasparek A. (2000). Cognitive modulation of midbrain function: task-induced reduction of the pupillary light reflex. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 39, 21– 30 10.1016/S0167-8760(00)00119-7 11120344 · DOI
  41. Urry H. L. van Reekum C. M. Johnstone T. Kalin N. H. Thurow M. E. Schaefer H. S. (2006). Amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex are inversely coupled during regulation of negative affect and predict the diurnal pattern of cortisol secretion among older adults. J. Neurosci. 26, 4415– 4425 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3215-05.2006 16624961 PMC6673990 · DOI · Paper page
  42. Vanderhasselt M. A. De Raedt R. Baeken C. Leyman L. Clerinx P. D'Haenen H. (2007). The influence of rTMS over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on top-down attentional processes. Brain Res. 1137, 111– 116 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.12.050 17229406 · DOI
  43. Vanderhasselt M. A. De Raedt R. Baeken C. Leyman L. D'Haenen H. (2006). The influence of rTMS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on Stroop task performance. Exp. Brain Res. 169, 279– 282 10.1007/s00221-005-0344-z 16418843 · DOI
  44. Vanderhasselt M. A. Kuehn S. De Raedt R. (2013). Put on your poker face: Neural systems supporting the anticipation for expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 8, 903– 910 10.1093/scan/nss090 22956675 PMC3831557 · DOI
  45. van Reekum C. M. Johnstone T. Urry H. L. Thurow M. T. Schaefer H. S. Alexander A. L. (2007). Gaze fixations predict brain activation during the voluntary regulation of picture-induced negative affect. Neuroimage 36, 1041– 1055 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.052 17493834 · DOI · Paper page
  46. van Steenbergen H. Band G. P. H. (2013). Pupil dilation in the Simon task as a marker of conflict processing. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 7: 215 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00215 23754997 PMC3665936 · DOI
  47. Waugh C. E. Panage S. Mendes W. B. Gotlib I. H. (2010). Cardiovascular and affective recovery from anticipatory threat. Biol. Psychol. 84, 169– 175 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.01.010 20096747 PMC2875335 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Vanderhasselt, M.-A., Remue, J., Ng, K. K., & De Raedt, R.
Affiliations
  • Ghent University (BE)
  • National University of Singapore (SG)
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Psychology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2014-03-13
Volume
5
Pages
207-207
ISSN
1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00207
PMC
PMC3952078
OpenAlex
W2038168494
Cited by
41
References
7
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1
FWCI
2.05
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • National University of Singapore (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (G015614N, FWO08/PDO/168)
  • Vlaamse regering
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Keywords
emotional anticipation, pupil dilation, cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, emotion regulation, individual differences, emotional well-being

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review