Embodied Learning: Why at School the Mind Needs the Body
Open accessAbstract
Despite all methodological efforts made in the last three decades, Western instruction grounds on traditional principles. Most educational programs follow theories that are mentalistic, i.e., they separate the mind from the body. At school, learners sit, watch, listen, and write. The aim of this paper is to present embodied learning as an alternative to mentalistic education. Similarly, this paper wants to describe embodied learning from a neuroscientific perspective. After a brief historical overview, I will review studies highlighting the behavioral effectiveness of embodied instruction in second language learning, mathematics and spatial thinking. On this base, I will discuss some of the brain mechanisms driving embodied learning and describe its advantages, clearly pleading in favor of instructional practice that reunites body and mind.
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Gestures must be semantically related to words in order to support long-term memory.
“However, gesture research suggests that gestures must be semantically related to words in order to support long term memory [32].”
From Can grammatical morphemes be taught? Evidence of gestures influencing second language procedural learning in middle childhood (2023) · cites this paper as [32]
Syntax can be taught.
“This is obviously not the case [32,33].”
From Can grammatical morphemes be taught? Evidence of gestures influencing second language procedural learning in middle childhood (2023) · cites this paper as [32]
The Second Language Learning (L2) and the Body section says Total Physical Response did not focus on syntax and describes its limits for teaching vocabulary. It does not address whether syntax can be taught; searches for syntax and grammar instruction found no passage that settles that claim. (LLM, conf=0.73)
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“Rather the mind is integrated into the body’s sensorimotor systems (Barsalou, 1999, 2008).”
BackgroundHarnad, S. (1990) · Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena · doi:10.1016/0167-2789(90)90087-6 · Cited by 4,235 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The problem of the grounding of symbols in the real world (Harnad, 1990) that could not be solved satisfactorily with mentalistic and symbolic approaches has found explanation in neuroscientific studies.”
BackgroundEmbodiment in attitudes, social perception, and emotion
Niedenthal, P. M., Barsalou, L. W., Winkielman, P., Krauth-Gruber, S., & Ric, F. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0903_1 · Cited by 1,484 · see citing works
Embodiment of emotion concepts
Niedenthal, P. M., Winkielman, P., Mondillon, L., & Vermeulen, N. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015574 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
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The synergy of embodied cognition and cognitive load theory for optimized learning
Zou, L., Zhang, Z., Mavilidi, M., Chen, Y., Herold, F., Ouwehand, K., & Paas, F. (2025) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-025-02152-2 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Janzen Ulbricht, N. (2023) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0280543 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Macedonia, M.
- Affiliations
- Johannes Kepler University of Linz (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Macedonia, Manuela
- ORCID
- Macedonia, Manuela
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2019-10-01
- Volume
- 10
- Pages
- 2098-2098
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6779792
- OpenAlex
- W2970606234
- Cited by
- 194
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 10.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- University Library Linz repository (Johannes Kepler Universitat Linz) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › General Arts and Humanities › Corporeality, Perception, and Education
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience, Education and Cognitive Function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Embodied and Extended Cognition
- Keywords
- embodied learning, mind-body problem, second language acquisition, mathematics learning, spatial thinking, neuroscience of learning, instructional practices, history of education
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