Embodiment of emotion concepts
Abstract
Theories of embodied cognition hold that higher cognitive processes operate on perceptual symbols and that concept use involves partial reactivations of the sensory-motor states that occur during experience with the world. On this view, the processing of emotion knowledge involves a (partial) reexperience of an emotion, but only when access to the sensory basis of emotion knowledge is required by the task. In 2 experiments, participants judged emotional and neutral concepts corresponding to concrete objects (Experiment 1) and abstract states (Experiment 2) while facial electromyographic activity was recorded from the cheek, brow, eye, and nose regions. Results of both studies show embodiment of specific emotions in an emotion-focused but not a perceptual-focused processing task on the same words. A follow up in Experiment 3, which blocked selective facial expressions, suggests a causal, rather than simply a correlational, role for embodiment in emotion word processing. Experiment 4, using a property generation task, provided support for the conclusion that emotions embodied in conceptual tasks are context-dependent situated simulations rather than associated emotional reactions. Implications for theories of embodied simulation and for emotion theories are discussed.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
EDER finds support in the enactive approach to emotion and is validated by empirical studies showing that the timing of emotion is variable and that sensorimotor processing is crucial in generating emotional experience.
“EDER also finds support in the enactive approach to emotion [66] and is validated by some empirical studies that show how the timing of emotion is variable and that stress the crucial function of the sensorimotor processing in generating emotional experience [67,68].”
From Interoceptive Ability and Emotion Regulation in Mind–Body Interventions: An Integrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [68]
Cognition is not something that happens solely in the brain but is distributed throughout the entire body and its interaction with the environment.
“From this view, cognition is not something that happens solely in the brain but is distributed throughout the entire body and its interaction with the environment.”
From Interoceptive Ability and Emotion Regulation in Mind–Body Interventions: An Integrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [68]
Cites
Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions
Stroop, J. R. (1935) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0054651 · Cited by 18,622 · see citing works
Politeness : Some Universals in Language Usage
Brown, P. (1987) · Cited by 11,901 · see citing works
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. B
Press, H. (1886) · Cited by 10,087 · see citing works
Barsalou, L. W. (1999) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x99002149 · Cited by 6,887 · see citing works
The feeling of what happens: body and emotion in the making of consciousness
(2000) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.37-6553 · Cited by 5,998 · see citing works
Family resemblances: Studies in the internal structure of categories
Rosch, E., & Mervis, C. B. (1975) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(75)90024-9 · Cited by 5,933 · see citing works
Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review.
MacLeod, C. M. (1991) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.163 · Cited by 5,500 · see citing works
Action recognition in the premotor cortex
Gallese, V., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., & Rizzolatti, G. (1996) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/119.2.593 · Cited by 4,968 · see citing works
Fodor, J. A. (1975) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,588 · see citing works
The functional architecture of human empathy
Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2004) · Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews · doi:10.1177/1534582304267187 · Cited by 3,407 · cited 5× · see citing works
“Embodiment of Emotion Concepts Paula M. Niedenthal CNRS and University of Clermont-Ferrand, France Piotr Winkielman University of California, San Diego Laurie Mondillon University of Clermont-Ferrand, France Nicolas Vermeulen Catholic University of Louvain-la-Neuve Theories of embodied cognition hold that higher cogni…”
BackgroundInfluentialRetrieval time from semantic memory
Collins, A. M., & Quillian, M. R. (1969) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(69)80069-1 · Cited by 3,141 · see citing works
Russell, J. A., & Barrett, L. F. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.805 · Cited by 3,121 · see citing works
Emotion knowledge: further exploration of a prototype approach
Shaver, P., Schwartz, J., Kirson, D., & O'Connor, C. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1061 · Cited by 3,072 · see citing works
Cohen, J., MacWhinney, B., Flatt, M., & Provost, J. (1993) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03204507 · Cited by 2,802 · see citing works
Smith, E. E., & Medin, D. L. (1981) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674866270 · Cited by 2,653 · see citing works
Glenberg, A. M., & Kaschak, M. P. (2002) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196313 · Cited by 2,361 · see citing works
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula
Wicker, B., Keysers, C., Plailly, J., Royet, J.-P., Gallese, V., & Rizzolatti, G. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00679-2 · Cited by 2,185 · see citing works
Kintsch, W. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,051 · see citing works
Emotion, cognition, and behavior
Dolan, R. J. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1076358 · Cited by 1,979 · see citing works
Neural mechanisms of empathy in humans: a relay from neural systems for imitation to limbic areas
Carr, L., Iacoboni, M., Dubeau, M.-C., Mazziotta, J. C., & Lenzi, G. L. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0935845100 · Cited by 1,978 · see citing works
Affect Grid: A single-item scale of pleasure and arousal.
Russell, J. A., Weiss, A., & Mendelsohn, G. A. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.3.493 · Cited by 1,951 · see citing works
A Bio‐Informational Theory of Emotional Imagery
Lang, P. J. (1979) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01511.x · Cited by 1,750 · see citing works
Guidelines for Human Electromyographic Research
Fridlund, A. J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00676.x · Cited by 1,737 · see citing works
Glenberg, A. M. (1997) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x97000010 · Cited by 1,726 · see citing works
Damasio, A. R. (1989) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(89)90005-x · Cited by 1,538 · see citing works
Embodiment in attitudes, social perception, and emotion
Niedenthal, P. M., Barsalou, L. W., Winkielman, P., Krauth-Gruber, S., & Ric, F. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0903_1 · Cited by 1,484 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, M., & Bargh, J. A. (1999) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167299025002007 · Cited by 1,473 · see citing works
The Duchenne smile: Emotional expression and brain physiology: II.
Ekman, P., Davidson, R. J., & Friesen, W. V. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.2.342 · Cited by 1,371 · see citing works
Culture and the categorization of emotions.
Russell, J. A. (1991) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.110.3.426 · Cited by 1,344 · see citing works
Human facial expression: an evolutionary view
(1995) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.32-3890 · Cited by 1,275 · see citing works
Concept of emotion viewed from a prototype perspective.
Fehr, B., & Russell, J. A. (1984) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.113.3.464 · Cited by 1,075 · see citing works
Situated simulation in the human conceptual system
Barsalou, L. (2003) · Language and Cognitive Processes · doi:10.1080/01690960344000026 · Cited by 979 · see citing works
Cacioppo, J. T., Priester, J. R., & Berntson, G. G. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.1.5 · Cited by 871 · see citing works
Facial Reactions to Facial Expressions
Dimberg, U. (1982) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02516.x · Cited by 844 · see citing works
The Effect of Implied Orientation Derived from Verbal Context on Picture Recognition
Stanfield, R. A., & Zwaan, R. A. (2001) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00326 · Cited by 836 · see citing works
"Mood contagion": The automatic transfer of mood between persons.
Neumann, R., & Strack, F. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.79.2.211 · Cited by 808 · see citing works
Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., Losch, M. E., & Kim, H. S. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.50.2.260 · Cited by 801 · see citing works
Larsen, J. T., Norris, C. J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2003) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.00078 · Cited by 766 · see citing works
STEVENS' HANDBOOK OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Pashler, H. (2002) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471214426 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Negative thinking in depression: cause, effect, or reciprocal relationship?
Teasdale, J. D. (1983) · Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0146-6402(83)90013-9 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Face to face: blocking facial mimicry can selectively impair recognition of emotional expressions
Oberman, L. M., Winkielman, P., & Ramachandran, V. S. (2007) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470910701391943 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Self-citationMcIntosh, D. N., Reichmann‐Decker, A., Winkielman, P., & Wilbarger, J. L. (2006) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2006.00492.x · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Self-citationValence focus and arousal focus: Individual differences in the structure of affective experience.
Barrett, L. F. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.1.153 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
The cost of expecting events in the wrong sensory modality
Spence, C. J., Nicholls, M. E. R., & Driver, J. (2001) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03194473 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Parietal cortex: from sight to action
Rizzolatti, G., Fogassi, L., & D, V. G. M. (1997) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(97)80037-2 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
A cross-cultural study of a circumplex model of affect.
Russell, J. A., Lewicka, M., & Niit, T. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.5.848 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Facial Muscle Patterning to Affective Imagery in Depressed and Nondepressed Subjects
SCHWARTZ, G. E. R., Fair, P. L., Salt, P., Mandel, M. R., & Klerman, G. L. (1976) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1257786 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Niedenthal, P. M., Brauer, M., Halberstadt, J. B., & Innes-Ker, Å. H. (2001) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930143000194 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Self-citationVerifying Different-Modality Properties for Concepts Produces Switching Costs
Pecher, D., Zeelenberg, R., & Barsalou, L. W. (2003) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.t01-1-01429 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Toward an information-processing analysis of depression
Ingram, R. E. (1984) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01173284 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Dimberg, U. (1990) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb01962.x · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Facial reactions to emotional stimuli: Automatically controlled emotional responses
Dimberg, U., Thunberg, M., & Grunedal, S. (2002) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930143000356 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Situational Detenninants of Shame and Guilt in Young Adulthood
Tangney, J. P. (1992) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167292182011 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Smith, E. R., & Semin, G. R. (2007) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00490.x · Cited by 336 · see citing works
To what extent do we share the pain of others? Insight from the neural bases of pain empathy.
Jackson, P. L., Rainville, P., & Decety, J. (2006) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2006.09.013 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Cognition in emotion: Concept and action.
Lang, P. J. (1985) · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Embodied Grounding: Social, Cognitive, Affective, and Neuroscientific Approaches
Semin, G. R., & Smith, E. R. (2008) · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Emotion simulation during language comprehension
Havas, D. A., Glenberg, A. M., & Rinck, M. (2007) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03194085 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
The psychophysiology of disgust: Differentiating negative emotional contexts with facial EMG
Vrana, S. R. (1993) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03354.x · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Social motivation: Conscious and unconscious processes
Forgas, J. P., Williams, K. D., & Laham, S. M. (2004) · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Kan, I. P., Barsalou, L. W., Solomon, K. O., Minor, J. K., & Thompson‐Schill, S. L. (2003) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643290244000257 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Embodied experience and linguistic meaning
Gibbs, R. W. (2003) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/s0093-934x(02)00517-5 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Perceptual simulation in property verification
Solomon, K. O., & Barsalou, L. W. (2004) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03196856 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Who caused the pain? An fMRI investigation of empathy and intentionality in children
Jean Decety, A., Michalska, K. J., & Akitsuki, Y. (2008) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.05.026 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Facial and emotional reactions to Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles
Surakka, V., & Hietanen, J. K. (1998) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(97)00088-3 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Human Assessment and Cultural Factors
(1983) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2151-2 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
fMRI evidence for word association and situated simulation in conceptual processing
Simmons, W. K., Hamann, S. B., Harenski, C. L., Hu, X. P., & Barsalou, L. W. (2008) · Journal of Physiology-Paris · doi:10.1016/j.jphysparis.2008.03.014 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (2013) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781529681451.n4 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Kosslyn, S. M. (1976) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03213178 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Motor Actions in Retrieval of Valenced Information: A Motor Congruence Effect
Förster, J., & Strack, F. (1997) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1997.85.3f.1419 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Variations in the Circumplex Structure of Mood
Barrett, L. F. (1995) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167295218003 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Pecher, D., Zeelenberg, R., & Barsalou, L. W. (2004) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03206477 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Boxtel, A. V., & Jessurun, M. (1993) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb02085.x · Cited by 150 · see citing works
A neuroscientific grasp of concepts: from control to representation
D, V. G. M. (2003) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2003.1315 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Relationships between facial electromyography and subjective experience during affective imagery
Brown, S., & SCHWARTZ, G. E. R. (1980) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/0301-0511(80)90026-5 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Emotional experience in cultural context: A comparison between Europe, Japan, and the United States.
Scherer, K. R., Matsumoto, D., Wallbott, H. G., & Kudoh, T. (1988) · doi:10.4324/9781315808123-6 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Motor ontology: the representational reality of goals, actions and selves
Gallese, V., & Metzinger, T. K. (2003) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/0951508032000121760 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Vrana, S. R., & Rollock, D. (2002) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930143000185 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Processing fearful and neutral sentences: Memory and heart rate change
Vrana, S. R., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J. (1989) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699938908415240 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Physiological changes accompanying the visualization of fearful and neutral situations.
Grossberg, J. M., & Wilson, H. K. (1968) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0026337 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The facial pattern of disgust, appetence, excited joy and relaxed joy: An improved facial EMG study
WOLF, K., Maß, R., INGENBLEEK, T., Kiefer, F., Naber, D., & Wiedemann, K. (2005) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2005.00471.x · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Facial reactions to fear-relevant and fear-irrelevant stimuli
Dimberg, U. (1986) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/0301-0511(86)90079-7 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Förster, J., & Strack, F. (1998) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1998.86.3c.1423 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Advances in economic psychology
Antonides, G., Raay, W. F., & Maital, S. L. (1997) · EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The evaluation-behavior link: Direct and beyond valence
Alexopoulos, T., & Ric, F. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.10.017 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Switching Between Sensory and Affective Systems Incurs Processing Costs
Vermeulen, N., Niedenthal, P. M., & Luminet, O. (2007) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1080/03640210709336990 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationIndependent effect of various facial mimetic muscles on the nasolabial fold
Pessa, J. E., & Brown, F. (1992) · Aesthetic Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1007/bf00450609 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Facial reactions to different emotionally relevant stimuli
Dimberg, U., & Karlsson, B. (1997) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/1467-9450.00039 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Wilcox, R. R. (1992) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.ep10768801 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Antecedents to Emotions Across Cultures
Boucher, J. D. (1983) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2151-2_28 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Reflection and Impulse as Determinants of Conscious and Unconscious Motivation
Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004) · Social Motivation · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511735066.008 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Affective coherence: Affect as embodied evidence in attitude, advertising and art
Clore, G. L., & Schnall, S. (2008) · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 94 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Krishna, A. (2011) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.003 · Cited by 1,768 · see citing works
Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation—an ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis
Kohn, N., Eickhoff, S. B., Scheller, M., Laird, A. R., Fox, P. T., & Habel, U. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.11.001 · Cited by 956 · see citing works
The Routledge Handbook of Embodied Cognition
Niedenthal, P. M., Wood, A., & Rychlowska, M. (2014) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315775845 · Cited by 909 · see citing works
Self-citationA metaphor-enriched social cognition.
Landau, M. J., Meier, B. P., & Keefer, L. A. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0020970 · Cited by 767 · see citing works
The Simulation of Smiles (SIMS) model: Embodied simulation and the meaning of facial expression
Niedenthal, P. M., Mermillod, M., Maringer, M., & Hess, U. (2010) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x10000865 · Cited by 618 · see citing works
Self-citationEmbodiment as a unifying perspective for psychology
Glenberg, A. M. (2010) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.55 · Cited by 601 · see citing works
Cosmetic Use of Botulinum Toxin-A Affects Processing of Emotional Language
Havas, D. A., Glenberg, A. M., GUTOWSKI, K. A., Lucarelli, M. J., & Davidson, R. J. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610374742 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Emotion words shape emotion percepts.
Gendron, M., Lindquist, K. A., Barsalou, L. W., & Barrett, L. F. (2012) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0026007 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Cognition and Emotion Lecture at the 2010 SPSP Emotion Preconference
Gross, J. J., Sheppes, G., & Urry, H. L. (2011) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2011.555753 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Goldenberg, A., & Gross, J. J. (2020) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2020.01.009 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Baumeister, R. F., & Masicampo, E. J. (2010) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0019393 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Fehr, R., & Gelfand, M. J. (2010) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2010.04.002 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Neal, D. T., & Chartrand, T. L. (2011) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550611406138 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
(2013) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Language That Puts You in Touch With Your Bodily Feelings
Foroni, F., & Semin, G. R. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02400.x · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Embodied Learning: Why at School the Mind Needs the Body
Macedonia, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02098 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Finzi, E., & Rosenthal, N. E. (2013) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.11.006 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Face the noise: Embodied responses to nonverbal vocalizations of discrete emotions.
Hawk, S. T., Fischer, A. H., & Kleef, G. A. V. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026234 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Transgressions and Expressions
Cannon, P. R., Schnall, S., & White, M. P. (2010) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550610390525 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
The Sporting Life: Exploring Organizations through the Lens of Sport
Day, D. V., Gordon, S., & Fink, C. (2012) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.1080/19416520.2012.678697 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
The affective meanings of automatic social behaviors: Three mechanisms that explain priming.
Schröder, T., & Thagard, P. R. (2012) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0030972 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
How Affect Relates to Entrepreneurship: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Research Agenda
García, J. B. D., Puente, E. D. Q., & Mazagatos, V. B. (2015) · International Journal of Management Reviews · doi:10.1111/ijmr.12058 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Isaacowitz, D. M., & Stanley, J. T. (2011) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-011-0113-6 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Likowski, K. U., Mühlberger, A., Gerdes, A. B. M., Wieser, M. J., Pauli, P., & Weyers, P. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00214 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Embodiment of cognition and emotion.
Winkielman, P., Niedenthal, P., Wielgosz, J., Eelen, J., & Kavanagh, L. C. (2015) · APA handbook of personality and social psychology, Volume 1: Attitudes and social cognition. · doi:10.1037/14341-004 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Self-citationTenderness and Sympathy: Distinct Empathic Emotions Elicited by Different Forms of Need
Lishner, D. A., Batson, C. D., & Huss, E. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167211403157 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Newcombe, P. I., Campbell, C., Siakaluk, P. D., & Pexman, P. M. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00275 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Frontal EEG Asymmetry and Middle Line Power Difference in Discrete Emotions
Zhao, G., Zhang, Y., & Ge, Y. (2018) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00225 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Where Have All the People Gone? A Plea for Including Social Interaction in Emotion Research
Fischer, A. H., & Kleef, G. A. V. (2010) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073910361980 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
A new look at emotion perception: Concepts speed and shape facial emotion recognition.
Nook, E. C., Lindquist, K. A., & Zaki, J. (2015) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0039166 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
In virtuo: How user-driven interactivity in virtual tours leads to attitude change
Spielmann, N., & Mantonakis, A. (2018) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.03.037 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Emotional Conception: How Embodied Emotion Concepts Guide Perception and Facial Action
Halberstadt, J., Winkielman, P., Niedenthal, P. M., & Dalle, N. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02432.x · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationDreaming and the default network: A review, synthesis, and counterintuitive research proposal
Domhoff, G. W., & Fox, K. C. R. (2015) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2015.01.019 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Hoemann, K., & Barrett, L. F. (2018) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2018.1535428 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Comprehension of action negation involves inhibitory simulation
Foroni, F., & Semin, G. R. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00209 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Leadership and knowledge: Symbolic, connectionist, and embodied perspectives
Lord, R. G., & Shondrick, S. J. (2011) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.12.016 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Veenstra, L., Schneider, I. K., & Koole, S. L. (2016) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2016.1225003 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Oral approach–avoidance: Affective consequences of muscular articulation dynamics.
Topolinski, S., Maschmann, I. T., Pecher, D., & Winkielman, P. (2014) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036477 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationA framework for understanding leadership and individual requisite complexity
Lord, R. G., Hannah, S. T., & Jennings, P. L. (2011) · Organizational Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/2041386610384757 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Dynamic grounding of emotion concepts
Winkielman, P., Seana Coulson, A., & Niedenthal, P. M. (2018) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0127 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationPhysical Contact and Financial Risk Taking
Levav, J., & Argo, J. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610369493 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Mind the gap: Increasing associations between the self and blacks with approach behaviors.
Phills, C. E., Kawakami, K., Tabi, E., Nadolny, D., & Inzlicht, M. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022159 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
From Physical Weight to Psychological Significance: The Contribution of Semantic Activations
Zhang, M., & Li, X. (2012) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/661768 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Vacharkulksemsuk, T., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2013) · Advances in positive organizational psychology · doi:10.1108/s2046-410x(2013)0000001005 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Intergroup Emotions Theory: Production, Regulation, and Modification of Group-Based Emotions
Mackie, D. M., & Smith, E. R. (2018) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2018.03.001 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Emotion Perception as Conceptual Synchrony
Gendron, M., & Barrett, L. F. (2018) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073917705717 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
From Wide Cognition to Mechanisms: A Silent Revolution
Miłkowski, M., Clowes, R. W., Rucińska, Z., Przegalińska, A., Zawidzki, T. W., Krueger, J. W., Gies, A., McGann, M., Afeltowicz, Ł., Wachowski, W. M., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02393 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Brain Networks of Emotional Prosody Processing
Grandjean, D. (2020) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073919898522 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
A Multimodal Theory of Affect Diffusion.
Peters, K., & Kashima, Y. (2015) · Psychological bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000020 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Körner, A., Topolinski, S., & Strack, F. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00940 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
van Ooijen, I., Fransen, M. L., Verlegh, P. W. J., & Smit, E. G. (2016) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.11.021 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Deeper than skin deep - The effect of botulinum toxin-A on emotion processing.
Baumeister, J., Papa, G., & Foroni, F. (2016) · Toxicon · doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.04.044 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Mousavizadeh, M., Koohikamali, M., Salehan, M., & Kim, D. J. (2020) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-020-10069-6 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Funahashi, A., Gruebler, A., Aoki, T., Kadone, H., & Suzuki, K. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1898-4 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Sestito, M., Umiltà, M. A., Paola, G. D., Fortunati, R., Raballo, A., Leuci, E., Maffei, S., Tonna, M., Amore, M., Maggini, C., et al. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00368 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Emotional Modulation of Attention: Fear Increases but Disgust Reduces the Attentional Blink
Vermeulen, N., Godefroid, J., & Mermillod, M. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007924 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationEmbodiment and Emotional Memory in First vs. Second Language
Baumeister, J.-C., Foroni, F., Conrad, M., Rumiati, R. I., & Winkielman, P. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00394 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationWhat do love and jealousy taste like?
Chan, K. Q., Tong, E. M. W., Tan, D. H., & Koh, A. H. Q. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0033758 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
The face of leadership: Perceiving leaders from facial expression
Trichas, S., & Schyns, B. (2012) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.12.007 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Wörfel, P., Frentz, F., & Tautu, C. (2022) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-07-2020-0510 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Blanchfield, A., Hardy, J., & Marcora, S. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00967 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
False fame prevented: avoiding fluency effects without judgmental correction.
Topolinski, S., & Strack, F. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019260 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Situated Embodied Cognition: Monitoring Orientation Cues Affects Product Evaluation and Choice
Eelen, J., Dewitte, S., & Warlop, L. (2013) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2013.04.004 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
The sensorimotor contributions to implicit memory, familiarity, and recollection.
Topolinski, S. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0025658 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Winkielman, P., & Gogolushko, Y. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02261 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationMohr, A. H., & Preston, S. D. (2011) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2011.559192 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Leader character, ethos, and virtue: Individual and collective considerations
Hannah, S. T., & Avolio, B. J. (2011) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.07.018 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Facing” leaders: Facial expression and leadership perception
Trichas, S., Schyns, B., Lord, R. G., & Hall, R. J. (2016) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.10.013 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Affective brain–computer music interfacing
Daly, I., Williams, D., Kirke, A., Weaver, J., Malik, A., Hwang, F., Miranda, E., & Nasuto, S. J. (2016) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/13/4/046022 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
How the Experience of Emotion is Modulated by Facial Feedback
Söderkvist, S., Ohlén, K., & Dimberg, U. (2017) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-017-0264-1 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
A Functional Role for Modality-Specific Perceptual Systems in Conceptual Representations
Connell, L., Lynott, D., & Dreyer, F. R. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033321 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Mayo, L. M., Lindé, J., Olausson, H., Heilig, M. A., & Morrison, I. (2018) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.07.001 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The interactions between botulinum-toxin-based facial treatments and embodied emotions
Lewis, M. B. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-33119-1 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Oosterwijk, S., Mackey, S., Wilson‐Mendenhall, C. D., Winkielman, P., & Paulus, M. P. (2015) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2014.998840 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationDavis, J. D., Winkielman, P., & Seana Coulson, A. (2017) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-017-0503-2 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationThe burden of guilt: Heavy backpacks, light snacks, and enhanced morality.
Kouchaki, M., Francesca Gino, B., & Jami, A. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0031769 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The Mere Exposure Phenomenon: A Lingering Melody by Robert Zajonc
Moreland, R. L., & Topolinski, S. (2010) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073910375479 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The Mimicry Among Us: Intra- and Inter-Personal Mechanisms of Spontaneous Mimicry
Arnold, A. J., & Winkielman, P. (2019) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-019-00324-z · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationAffective and Semantic Representations of Valence: A Conceptual Framework
Itkes, O., & Kron, A. (2019) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073919868759 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Asymmetric hemisphere activation in tenderness: evidence from EEG signals
Zhao, G., Zhang, Y., Ge, Y., Zheng, Y., Sun, X., & Zhang, K. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-26133-w · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Emotion in Stories: Facial EMG Evidence for Both Mental Simulation and Moral Evaluation
Hart, B. ‘., Struiksma, M. E., Boxtel, A. V., & Berkum, J. J. A. V. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00613 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The effect of embodying the elderly on time perception
Chambon, M., Droit‐Volet, S., & Niedenthal, P. M. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2007.04.014 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationOsteopathy and Mental Health: An Embodied, Predictive, and Interoceptive Framework
Bohlen, L., Shaw, R., Cerritelli, F., & Esteves, J. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.767005 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The mere exposure effect depends on an odor’s initial pleasantness
Delplanque, S., Coppin, G., Bloesch, L., Cayeux, I., & Sander, D. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00920 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Embodiment in judgment and choice.
Reimann, M., Feye, W., Malter, A. J., Ackerman, J. M., Castaño, R., Garg, N., Kreuzbauer, R., Labroo, A. A., Lee, A. Y., Morrin, M., et al. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience Psychology and Economics · doi:10.1037/a0026855 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Phasic affective modulation of semantic priming.
Topolinski, S., & Deutsch, R. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0028879 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Emotional state affects gait initiation in individuals with Parkinson’s disease
Naugle, K. M., Hass, C. J., Bowers, D., & Janelle, C. M. (2011) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-011-0071-9 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Neurocircuits underlying cognition–emotion interaction in a social decision making context
Ho, S.-H. S., Gonzalez, R. D., Abelson, J. L., & Liberzon, I. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.07.017 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Interoceptive Ability and Emotion Regulation in Mind–Body Interventions: An Integrative Review
Lazzarelli, A., Scafuto, F., Crescentini, C., Matiz, A., Orrù, G., Ciacchini, R., Alfì, G., Gemignani, A., & Conversano, C. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14111107 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Alexithymia factors and memory performances for neutral and emotional words
Vermeulen, N., & Luminet, O. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.03.018 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationReed, C. L., Moody, E. J., Mgrublian, K. H., Assaad, S., Schey, A., & McIntosh, D. N. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01961 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Li, X., Wei, L., & Soman, D. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610376653 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
When Action Meets Emotions: How Facial Displays of Emotion Influence Goal-Related Behavior
Ferri, F., Stoianov, I. P., Gianelli, C., D'Amico, L., Borghi, A. M., & D, V. G. M. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013126 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Bodily Reactions to Emotional Words Referring to Own versus Other People’s Emotions
Weis, P. P., & Herbert, C. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01277 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
When the Mind Forms Fear: Embodied Fear Knowledge Potentiates Bodily Reactions to Fearful Stimuli
Oosterwijk, S., Topper, M., Rotteveel, M., & Fischer, A. H. (2010) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550609355328 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
The Embodied Nature of Motor Imagery Processes Highlighted by Short-Term Limb Immobilization
Meugnot, A., Almécija, Y., & Toussaint, L. (2013) · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) · doi:10.1027/1618-3169/a000237 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Francis, A. L., & Beemer, R. C. (2019) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2019.01.024 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Hartmann, M., Lenggenhager, B., & Stocker, K. (2022) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-022-01661-3 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The semantic pointer theory of emotion: Integrating physiology, appraisal, and construction
Kajić, I., Schröder, T., Stewart, T. C., & Thagard, P. R. (2019) · Cognitive Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2019.04.007 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
When does mimicry affect evaluative judgment?
Foroni, F., & Semin, G. R. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0023163 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
- Authors
- Niedenthal, P. M., Winkielman, P., Mondillon, L., & Vermeulen, N.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Université Clermont Auvergne (FR)
- UCLouvain (BE)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2009
- Volume
- 96
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1120-1136
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2017534371
- Semantic Scholar
- 3c6e13a209be93ca222f34f7f8151117cd97f5b8
- Cited by
- 481
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 13.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Libraries (Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), l'Université de Namur (UNamur) and the Université Saint-Louis (USL-B)) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (BCS-0217294; BCS-0350687)
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-06-BLAN-0360-01)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Embodied and Extended Cognition
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Language, Metaphor, and Cognition
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Keywords
- embodiment, emotion concepts, embodied cognition, facial electromyography, facial expressions, emotional understanding, emotion theory
- MeSH terms
- Concept Formation, Electromyography, Emotions, Facial Expression, Facial Muscles, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Imagination, Male, Models, Psychological, Muscle Contraction, Psychomotor Performance, Social Perception, Somatosensory Cortex, Verbal Behavior, Visual Perception, Recognition, Psychology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
