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Inoculating Against Fake News About COVID-19
Open accessAbstract
The outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has been accompanied by a large amount of misleading and false information about the virus, especially on social media. In this article, we explore the coronavirus “infodemic” and how behavioral scientists may seek to address this problem. We detail the scope of the problem and discuss the negative influence that COVID-19 misinformation can have on the widespread adoption of health protective behaviors in the population. In response, we explore how insights from the behavioral sciences can be leveraged to manage an effective societal response to curb the spread of misinformation about the virus. In particular, we discuss the theory of psychological inoculation (or prebunking) as an efficient vehicle for conferring large-scale psychological resistance against fake news.
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“46% of people in the UK and 48% of people in the United States were exposed to false information.”
From The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [242]
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“All countries proved to be highly vulnerable to disinformation and misinformation regarding the pandemic”
From The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [242]
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BackgroundCoronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19)
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Using Behavioral Science for Infodemic Preparedness: The Case of Vaccination Misinformation
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“This form of debunking is often referred to as real-time rebuttal (Schmid & Betsch, 2019; van der Linden et al., 2020).”
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Infodemic: Social Media and the Amplification of the COVID-19 Crisis in Canada
Banyongen, S. (2024) · Open Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.4236/jss.2024.129015 · Cited by 1
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Violations of Argumentation Standards in Contemporary Debates on Health and Reproductive Rights
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Bounded Rationality, Disinformation, and Infodemic in COVID-19 Times
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Adu, P., Mbinta, J. F., & Rita, H. A. (2025) · South African Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1177/00812463251357408 · Cited by 1
“Exposing individuals to a version of already known information, which they can refute (i.e., psychological inoculation), is found to help address infodemics (van Der Linden et al., 2020).”
A Linguistic Features-Based Approach for the Functional Analysis of Disinformation in Spanish
Puraivan, E., Riquelme, F., & René Venegas, V. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3595750 · Cited by 1
“Beyond the sociopolitical implications, the consequences of disinformation extend to other realms such as public health and economy [11], [12].”
Sugiyanto, G. S. P., Arrasy, A. S. N., & Melanie, S. (2021) · International Journal of Law Government and Communication · doi:10.35631/ijlgc.624002 · Cited by 1
ESTUDOS SOBRE MEDICAMENTOS PARA COVID-19: PARADIGMA DO ACESSO À INFORMAÇÃO E DA AUTOMEDICAÇÃO
Barroso, E. E. N., Geron, V. L. M. G., Vitorino, K. D. A., & Nunes, J. D. S. (2021) · Revista Científica FAEMA · doi:10.31072/rcf.v12i2.921 · Cited by 1
Moola, S. (2022) · Commonwealth Youth and Development · doi:10.25159/2663-6549/10031 · Cited by 1
Detection of Clickbait Content Spreaders on Online Social Networks
Ghosh, S., Das, P., Ghosh, S., & Sen, D. (2022) · International Conference on Information and Computer Technologies (ICICT) · doi:10.1109/icict55905.2022.00012 · Cited by 1
Impact of COVID-19 on Societal Behavior via Twitter Analytics
Bhaik, A., Gupta, P. K., Siddiqui, M. K., & Morales-Menéndez, R. (2022) · Revista Argentina de Ciencias del Comportamiento ( RACC ) · doi:10.32348/1852.4206.v14.n2.30816 · Cited by 1
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Hasid, Z., Wijaya, A., Busari, A., & Erwin Kurniawan, A. (2022) · Jurnal Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat · doi:10.30653/002.202273.131 · Cited by 2
Hoax Identification of Indonesian Tweeters using Ensemble Classifier
Syaifuddiin, G. N., Arifin, R., Desriyanti, D., Buntoro, G. A., Rosyidin, Z. U., Pratama, R. Y., & Selamat, A. (2023) · Journal of Information Systems and Telecommunication (JIST) · doi:10.52547/jist.33532.11.42.94 · Cited by 1
Desordem Informativa no Contexto da Pandemia de Covid-19
Klein, G. (2023) · Interações: Sociedade e as novas modernidades · doi:10.31211/interacoes.n44.2023.a3 · Cited by 1
Leuker, C., Eggeling, L. M., Fleischhut, N., Gubernath, J., Gumenik, K., Hechtlinger, S., Kozyreva, A., Samaan, L., & Hertwig, R. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/cw2jn · Cited by 1
van Mulukom, V. (2021) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/z5b4f · Cited by 2
(Why) Is misinformation a problem?Preprint
Osman, M., Adams, Z., Meder, B., & Bechlivanidis, C. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/xvhbs · Cited by 1
Presentations at the UK National Immunisation Conference
Pollard, A. J., MacDonald, N. E., Dubé, È., Lamden, K., Baxter, P. D., Suggitt, D., Donovan, H., Gibney, Y., Rappuoli, R., Wright, C., et al. (2022) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2022.2087411 · Cited by 1
Understanding the efficacy of provenance interventions for tackling misinformationPreprint
Bereskin, C. (2023) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/4a2fw · Cited by 2
Local context of anti-vaccination narratives – a case study from HungaryPreprint
Kmetty, Z., Vancsó, A., Katona, E., & Boros, K. (2023) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/gqz8r · Cited by 1
Exploring the Nexus of Climate Change, Public Health Resilience, and Information Accuracy in NigeriaPreprint
Igbashangev, P. A., Humbe, B. T., & Moses, A. K. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4794287 · Cited by 1
IPSR Model: Misinformation Intervention through Prebunking in Social NetworksPreprint
Rai, R., Sharma, R. K., & Meena, C. (2025) · doi:10.36227/techrxiv.175424259.96125245/v1 · Cited by 1
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Papathanassopoulos, S., & Giannouli, I. (2025) · Encyclopedia · doi:10.3390/encyclopedia5040195 · Cited by 2
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French, A. M., Storey, V., & Wallace, L. (2021) · Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce · doi:10.1080/10919392.2021.1904093 · Cited by 3
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Waggoner, P. (2021) · Journal of Data Science · doi:10.6339/21-jds1001
Beppler, T., Yada, N. T., Bona, L. C. D., & Gregio, A. R. A. (2021) · Anais do Computer on the Beach · doi:10.14210/cotb.v12.p080-087
“Há também quem acre-dite que a melhor maneira de investigar são ferramentas capazes de detectar as fake news , assim como em [55] que diz que o me-lhor meio para isso, seria a construção de uma ferramenta com um sistema de defesa em várias camadas contra a negação da ciência "pós-verdade".”
BackgroundOmaña‐Ávila, Ó. D., Paredes, E. N. N., Hachem, A. C. L.-E., Contreras, Y., Escalante-Pérez, I. A., Godoy, J. P., & Rísquez, A. (2021) · Gaceta Médica de Caracas · doi:10.47307/gmc.2021.129.2.4
INFODEMIJA ILI PREKOMJERNA KOLIČINA NETOČNIH INFORMACIJA OBJAVLJENIH O PANDEMIJI VIRUSA COVID-19
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“Nije trebalo mnogo vremena da tabloidi, portali i mediji željni tiraža diljem svijeta započnu preuveličavati situaciju (Trajković, 2020).”
Background(2021) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80117-720-720211017
Otte, L., & Beeken, M. (2022) · CHEMKON · doi:10.1002/ckon.202100075
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“Fake news has also sowed doubt and added additional hurdles when it comes to managing personal health and well-being, as recently experienced from disinformation campaigns surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic and statistics on vaccinations [3].”
BackgroundThe COVID-19 Infodemic: Algorithmic Gatekeeping, Confirmation Bias, and Social Identity
Madison, T. P., Kim, D. K., & Davie, W. R. (2022) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80071-597-420221007
An advanced ensemble approach for detecting fake news
Hansrajh, A. (2021) · doi:10.51415/10321/4093
13. Antiviruses against fake news
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(2022) · Advances in information quality and management · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-8713-3.ch008
The harm that comes with spreading misinformation in social media
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Self-citationCaçaFake: A System for Monitoring and Analyzing Low Credibility Websites in Brazil
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“Essa era é caracterizada por um estado de intensa produção e disseminação de desinforma-ção em áreas como saúde pública [5, 13], discurso público e processos eleitorais [1, 6, 8, 12].”
Ospina, J. P., Orosz, G., & Spencer, S. J. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/x7qe5
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“…of persuasion [is] no longer necessary,” we can consider inoculation theory as an established (e.g., Wong, 2016; Jolley & Douglas, 2017; and see; Van der linden et al., 2020; Weisleder & Gospe, 2020)—and as this analysis supports, a historical—rhetorical strategy for vaccination advocacy (and…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationAntivaccine campaigns and the far left and right
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Self-Certification: A novel method for increasing sharing discernment on social mediaPreprint
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Understanding and managing the Self-Wise during a healthcare crisis
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“As noted by van der Linden et al. (2020), people must distinguish between reliable information and false information.”
BackgroundGottlieb, E., Baker, M. J., & Détienne, F. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1295130
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Risk Communication in times of COVID -19: Public’s Perception in Sri Lanka
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“During the COVID -19, Ven der Linden et al. (2020) argued that people found it extremely difficult to access true and reliable information.”
BackgroundRESTRICTIONS ON ACCESS TO PUBLIC INFORMATION IN THE NATIONAL SECURITY INTERESTS, THREE-PART TEST
Shynkar, T., KUDINOV, S., TALALAI, D., Пономаренко, А. В., PAVLIUTIN, Y., & Kravchuk, P. Y. (2022) · AD ALTA Journal of Interdisciplinary Research · doi:10.33543/120231173177
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“…both fake news and incongruous information about the efficiency of prevention measures can reduce the perception of the effectiveness of prevention measures (van der Linden et al., 2020), which, as we have seen in this study, will affect the mental health of people in a pandemic context.”
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“…News" who engaged in the creation of fake news and learned over 6 common disinformation techniques, thereby significantly improving the skills to resist post-game disinformation techniques and increasing player’s confidence in distinguishing fraudulent information (Van der Linden et al., 2020).”
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“This has created a fertile atmosphere for fake news or misleading information to propagate, preying on people’s helplessness, unawareness, and rest-lessness [39, 40].”
BackgroundKessler, S. (2024) · Soziologie der Nachhaltigkeit · doi:10.14361/9783839471432-010
Kessler, S. (2024) · Soziologie der Nachhaltigkeit · doi:10.14361/9783839471432-009
Kessler, S. (2024) · Soziologie der Nachhaltigkeit · doi:10.14361/9783839471432-008
1.1 Lack of consensus on the IPCC consensus
Kessler, S. (2024) · Soziologie der Nachhaltigkeit · doi:10.14361/9783839471432-006
Kessler, S. (2024) · Soziologie der Nachhaltigkeit · doi:10.14361/9783839471432-004
Kessler, S. (2024) · Soziologie der Nachhaltigkeit · doi:10.14361/9783839471432-toc
Kessler, S. (2024) · Soziologie der Nachhaltigkeit · doi:10.14361/9783839471432-007
Kessler, S. (2024) · Soziologie der Nachhaltigkeit · doi:10.14361/9783839471432-001
Kessler, S. (2024) · Soziologie der Nachhaltigkeit · doi:10.14361/9783839471432-005
Kessler, S. (2024) · Soziologie der Nachhaltigkeit · doi:10.14361/9783839471432-003
Competing Climate Cultures in Germany
Kessler, S. (2024) · Soziologie der Nachhaltigkeit · doi:10.14361/9783839471432
Kessler, S. (2024) · Soziologie der Nachhaltigkeit · doi:10.14361/9783839471432-002
Kessler, S. (2024) · Soziologie der Nachhaltigkeit · doi:10.14361/9783839471432-fm
Kessler, S. (2024) · Soziologie der Nachhaltigkeit · doi:10.14361/9783839471432-011
Kessler, S. (2024) · Soziologie der Nachhaltigkeit · doi:10.14361/9783839471432-040
Kessler, S. (2024) · Soziologie der Nachhaltigkeit · doi:10.14361/9783839471432-041
4.3 Statements related to efficacy
Kessler, S. (2024) · Soziologie der Nachhaltigkeit · doi:10.14361/9783839471432-024
7.2 Climate action as ''elite project'' obscures climate-cultural diversity
Kessler, S. (2024) · Soziologie der Nachhaltigkeit · doi:10.14361/9783839471432-042
Kessler, S. (2024) · Soziologie der Nachhaltigkeit · doi:10.14361/9783839471432-028
Kessler, S. (2024) · Soziologie der Nachhaltigkeit · doi:10.14361/9783839471432-015
6.7 I have not once heard the word ''sustainability'' since working here – Industrial enterprise
Kessler, S. (2024) · Soziologie der Nachhaltigkeit · doi:10.14361/9783839471432-038
2.5 The social organisation of denial
Kessler, S. (2024) · Soziologie der Nachhaltigkeit · doi:10.14361/9783839471432-012
6.8 Flying is indeed something that I don''t prohibit for myself – Teachers
Kessler, S. (2024) · Soziologie der Nachhaltigkeit · doi:10.14361/9783839471432-039
Kessler, S. (2024) · Soziologie der Nachhaltigkeit · doi:10.14361/9783839471432-048
6.6 I don''t think flying per se is as bad as it is always made out to be – Mobility provider
Kessler, S. (2024) · Soziologie der Nachhaltigkeit · doi:10.14361/9783839471432-037
Kessler, S. (2024) · Soziologie der Nachhaltigkeit · doi:10.14361/9783839471432-017
5.3 Climate cultures ''from below''
Kessler, S. (2024) · Soziologie der Nachhaltigkeit · doi:10.14361/9783839471432-030
Kessler, S. (2024) · Soziologie der Nachhaltigkeit · doi:10.14361/9783839471432-032
Metadata
- Authors
- van der Linden, S., Roozenbeek, J., & Compton, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Dartmouth College (US)
- Corresponding author
- van der Linden, Sander
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2020-10-23
- Volume
- 11
- Pages
- 566790-566790
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7644779
- OpenAlex
- W3094229442
- Cited by
- 632
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 70 · 2025: 71 · 2024: 127 · 2023: 120 · 2022: 143 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 121.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Apollo (cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
- Social Sciences › Communication › Communication and COVID-19 Impact
- Social Sciences › Library and Information Sciences › Academic Publishing and Open Access
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, misinformation, infodemic, fake news, psychological inoculation, prebunking, preventive health behavior, social media, behavioral interventions, SARS-CoV-2
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