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Cited by 12Motivation and Self-Concept in SportsPhysical Activity and HealthDiabetes Management and Education

Is self-determined motivation a useful agent to overcome perceived exercise barriers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Open access
Kang, Heon Jin, Wang, John Chee Keng, Burns, Stephen Francis, Leow, Melvin Khee-Shing·2021·Frontiers in Psychology
DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.627815PMC PMC8253052
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Abstract

Background: Devising a program to increase physical activity (PA)/exercise behavior in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) can meet with limited effectiveness in real-world settings because of the variety of barriers to PA/exercise that individuals need to overcome. An alternative approach is to explore whether targeting motivation as a facilitator may be effective to increase PA/exercise. This study aimed to understand attitudes toward perceived barriers to PA/exercise by examining individual levels of motivation, grounded on self-determination theory, in patients with T2DM. Methods: This study used an integrated approach combining qualitative and quantitative analysis. Sixteen patients with T2DM were grouped (n = 8 for each group) into either a higher self-motivation (HSM) or lower self-motivation (LSM) group via the Relative Autonomy Index. Thematic and deductive analysis were used to identify attitudes based on ten preconceived barrier themes: apathy, dislike, no priority, lack of support, health problems, lack of knowledge, unfavorable environment, tiredness, lack of time, and financial constraints. Quantitative analysis was to assess statistical differences in the volume of PA/exercise across the two groups, and a mixed-methods analysis was employed to highlight unique cases. Results: Patients in the HSM group expressed positive attitudes toward barriers to PA/exercise, while patients in the LSM group expressed a greater degree of hindrance. Although regular PA/exercise is necessary for T2DM management, patients with LSM considered PA/exercise a lesser priority displaying negative attitudes such as apathy and dislike. Conversely, patients with HSM placed greater emphasis on the benefits of PA/exercise regardless of apathy and dislike. Lack of time and health problems were commonly reported in both groups. The volume of PA/exercise corresponded to motivation levels, but there were some unique cases which arose from active commuting habits and severe health problems. Conclusion: These findings provide insights on how attitudes to perceived barriers to PA/exercise differ by levels of motivation. One insight was that examining motivation should be an essential consideration when designing practical strategies to overcome PA/exercise barriers in patients with T2DM. Lack of time and health problems exist regardless of motivation levels. Future research requires a tailored approach to managing barriers to PA/exercise in patients with T2DM.

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  • Digital wearable devices may influence exercise self-management in T2DM through pathways including enhanced self-efficacy, motivational activation, improved self-regulation, and support for sustained behavior.

    “This suggests that such devices may influence exercise self-management in T2DM through pathways including enhanced self-efficacy, motivational activation, improved self-regulation, and support for sustained behavior (10, 11).”

    From Behavior change pathways by which digital wearable devices support exercise self-management in type 2 diabetes: a scoping review with machine learning–assisted text mining (2026) · cites this paper as [11]

    The Introduction links self-efficacy and self-determined motivation to exercise participation in people with T2DM, and the Conclusion describes motivation as a predictor of exercise behavior. The paper does not study digital wearable devices or establish that devices enhance these factors, improve self-regulation, or sustain behavior. (LLM, conf=0.85)

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1 of the 66 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Deci E. L. Ryan R. M. (2002). Handbook of self-determination research. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
  2. Saunders M. Lewis P. Thornhill A. (2012). Research methods for business studies students. Harlow, England: Pearson Education.

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Authors
Kang, H. J., Wang, J. C. K., Burns, S. F., & Leow, M. K.-S.
Affiliations
Nanyang Technological University (SG)
Corresponding author
Kang, Heon Jin
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Psychology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2021-06-18
Volume
12
Pages
627815-627815
ISSN
1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fpsyg.2021.627815
PMC
PMC8253052
OpenAlex
W3173271051
Cited by
12
References
66
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2
FWCI
1.71
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • NIE Digital Repository (National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University) (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
Keywords
type 2 diabetes, physical activity, barriers to exercise, self-determination theory, self-motivation, relative autonomy index, time constraints, lack of support, apathy, exercise behavior, active commuting

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