School Climate, Moral Disengagement and, Empathy as Predictors of Bullying in Adolescents
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Our work aimed to study the relationships between different dimensions of school climate, moral disengagement, empathy, and bullying behaviors (perpetration and victimization). The study sample consisted of 629 students (304 boys and 325 girls) aged 12–14 years ( M = 12.55, SD = 0.67). Results showed how different dimensions of school climate predicted moral disengagement, empathy, and victimization, and these, in turn, predicted bullying perpetration. The results show the need to generate favorable educational environments to reduce the levels of moral disengagement and victimization and to increase empathy in students as a strategy to prevent negative consequences related to bullying.
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School environments with minimal supervision foster traditional bullying and allow unrestricted access to digital media and school devices, exacerbating cyberbullying risks.
“These environments, which also foster traditional bullying due to minimal supervision, allow unrestricted access to digital media and school devices, exacerbating cyberbullying risks158–160.”
From Umbrella review of meta-analyses on the risk factors, protective factors, consequences and interventions of cyberbullying victimization (2024) · cites this paper as [159]
The Introduction’s ‘School Climate and Bullying’ section links positive school climate, clear rules, and teacher support with less bullying, broadly supporting the point about school conditions and traditional bullying. It does not say that minimal supervision permits unrestricted access to digital media or school devices, or that such access increases cyberbullying risk. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Cohen‐Almagor, R. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4154801 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Rogers, E. M., Krajewski, A. T., & Wang, W. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-96023-6.00068-3
Djatmiko, G. P., & Tondok, M. S. (2025) · Bulletin of Counseling and Psychotherapy · doi:10.51214/002025071278000
Yu, T., Yang, Y., Zeng, Q., Xu, Z., Li, C., & Zhang, H. (2025) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-025-07650-5
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Taş, İ. (2025) · Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi · doi:10.17066/tpdrd.1566113
Litlabø, V. R., Haga, M., Richter, I., & Sigmundsson, H. (2026) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1703538 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Maung, T. M., Wacharasin, C., & Hengudomsub, P. (2026) · The Journal of School Nursing · doi:10.1177/10598405261444388
Cui, H., Li, L., & Liu, W. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1848230
Social-Emotional Learning Programs: A Response to Bauman's Critiques of Moral Blindness?
Özenç, Y. Y. (2026) · Journal of Interdisciplinary Education Theory and Practice · doi:10.47157/jietp.1880344
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Denli, Ö. S., Yildiz, G., KARAL, E., & ÖZKAN, E. (2026) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-026-00743-2
Terplan, S., & Košir, K. (2026) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1845362
Sjögren, B., Thornberg, R., Hong, J. S., & Kloo, M. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-05156-3
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Lee, Y.-C., & Lee, E. (2026) · The Open Psychology Journal · doi:10.2174/0118743501518038260818111203
Jiang, C., & Chai, L. (2026) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605261476096
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Akyürek, Z., Turan, S., & Karakeçili, M. B. (2026) · Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.61962/bsd.1847749
Maung, T. M., Wacharasin, C., & Hengudomsub, P. (2026) · International Journal of Bullying Prevention · doi:10.1007/s42380-026-00368-y
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Tombak, E. (2026) · Temel Eğitim · doi:10.52105/temelegitim.2004672
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- Authors
- Montero-Carretero, C., Pastor, D., Santos-Rosa, F. J., & Cervelló, E.
- Affiliations
- Universitat de Miguel Hernández d'Elx (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Pastor, Diego
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2021-05-04
- Volume
- 12
- Pages
- 656775-656775
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8130479
- OpenAlex
- W3159817755
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 6.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Workplace Violence and Bullying
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Education for Peace and Conflict Resolution
- Keywords
- school climate, moral disengagement, empathy, bullying perpetration, bullying victimization, adolescents, bullying prevention, educational environment
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