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Understanding the intention-behavior gap: The role of intention strength

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Conner, Mark, Norman, Paul·2022·Frontiers in Psychology
DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.923464PMC PMC9386038
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Abstract

This manuscript overviews recent research on the intention-behavior gap, focusing on moderators of the intention-behavior relationship. The manuscript draws on the concept of intention strength to make two important points. First, strong intentions provide better predictions of behavior, thereby reducing the intention-behavior gap. However, strong intentions have the additional features of being more stable over time, less pliable in the face of interventions to change them, and more likely to bias information processing about engaging in the behavior. These four features of intention strength are not independent. For example, stable intentions are likely to provide better predictions of behavior. Second, various predictors of strength (e.g., importance, certainty, extremity) may also constitute important, but little studied, moderators of the intention-behavior relationship. Moreover, the effects of these moderators of the intention-behavior relationship may be mediated through intention stability (and perhaps other features of intention strength). Future research on the intention-behavior gap would benefit from a more systematic consideration of a broad range of moderators of the intention-behavior relationship both individually and in combination. In addition, future research could usefully explore how these moderating effects might be explained. Such a systematic approach may further our understanding of the intention-behavior gap in relation to physical activity and other behaviors.

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  • Knowledge alone does not necessarily translate into action.

    “Most reviewed interventions combined educational (e.g., skill training) and access-enhancing components (e.g., self-sampling, invitations/reminders), which is in line with the notion that knowledge alone does not necessarily translate into action [64].”

    From Improving cancer screening uptake: A behavioural and cultural insights perspective and rapid review (2026) · cites this paper as [64]

    The Introduction says intentions do not explain all variation in behavior, supporting the general point that a precursor to action need not result in action. The “Aspects of the construct structure” section discusses knowledge but says studies have not tested its role in the intention–behavior relationship. The paper therefore does not directly establish the knowledge-specific claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Educational interventions work best when the level of previous knowledge is low.

    “Educational programmes are likely to be most effective when the level of prior knowledge is low [24, 64] and might not have desired effects if the level of knowledge is already high.”

    From Improving cancer screening uptake: A behavioural and cultural insights perspective and rapid review (2026) · cites this paper as [64]

    The 'Predictors of strength > Aspects of the construct structure' section links greater knowledge to more stable attitudes, but does not compare educational programme outcomes by prior knowledge. A separate passage says strong intentions are less pliable in the face of interventions; it does not establish that educational programmes work best when prior knowledge is low. Searches for educational programmes and intervention effectiveness found no passage addressing that comparison; page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Authors
Conner, M., & Norman, P.
Affiliations
  • University of Leeds (GB)
  • University of Sheffield (GB)
Corresponding author
Conner, Mark
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Psychology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2022-08-04
Volume
13
Pages
923464-923464
ISSN
1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fpsyg.2022.923464
PMC
PMC9386038
OpenAlex
W4289731117
Cited by
509
References
9
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2026: 194 · 2025: 166 · 2024: 105 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 1
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14.01
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journal article
Language
en
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  • Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Environmental Education and Sustainability
Keywords
intention-behavior gap, intention-behavior relationship, extremities, importance, information processing biases, physical activity, behaviour change interventions

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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