Cortical excitability and the aging brain: toward a biomarker of cognitive resilience
Open accessAbstract
This perspective article addresses the potential use of cortical excitability (CE) as an indicator of cognitive health in aging people. Changes in CE may be considered a sign of resilience to cognitive decline in old age. The authors describe research on CE and its link to cognitive function in older adults and emphasize that it is a promising, non-invasive measure of healthy aging. They also address the current challenges in its implementation, the need for standardized measurement protocols and possible future avenues of research. If properly considered, CE could pave the way for early detection of cognitive decline and facilitate targeted interventions to promote cognitive resilience.
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Cortical excitability can be conceptualized as a sensitive and malleable biomarker of cognitive resilience, capturing the brain's capacity to adapt to prolonged cognitive and emotional demands across the lifespan.
“Recent evidence suggests that cortical excitability can be conceptualized as a sensitive and malleable biomarker of cognitive resilience, capturing the brain’s capacity to adapt to prolonged cognitive and emotional demands across the lifespan (Palermo et al., 2025).”
From Enhancement of modern defense capabilities by convergence of cognitive neuroscience and artificial intelligence (2026) · cites this paper as Palermo et al., 2025
The Discussion describes cortical excitability as a potential dynamic biomarker of cognitive resilience, and the Introduction links it to the brain’s adaptive potential. The paper focuses on aging and does not establish that this biomarker captures adaptation to prolonged cognitive and emotional demands across the lifespan. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThese processes are grounded in Hebbian plasticity and dynamic regulation of cortical excitability, reflecting the balance between excitatory and inhibitory processes underlying learning, adaptation, and stress responsiveness.
“From a mechanistic perspective, these processes are grounded in Hebbian plasticity, whereby repeated co-activation of neural populations strengthens synaptic efficacy (“cells that fire together, wire together”), and in the dynamic regulation of cortical excitability, which reflects the balance between excitatory and inhibitory processes underlying learning, adaptation, and stress responsiveness (P”
From Enhancement of modern defense capabilities by convergence of cognitive neuroscience and artificial intelligence (2026) · cites this paper as Palermo et al., 2025
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Okegawa, T., Kusafuka, A., Yamasaki, D., Kaneko, N., & Nakazawa, K. (2026) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/j.humov.2026.103525
- Authors
- Palermo, S., Di Fazio, C., Scaliti, E., Stanziano, M., Nigri, A., & Tamietto, M.
- Affiliations
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (IT)
- University of Turin (IT)
- Tilburg University (NL)
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2025-02-18
- Volume
- 16
- Pages
- 1542880-1542880
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11878273
- OpenAlex
- W4407694858
- Cited by
- 24
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 14
- FWCI
- 8.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-sa
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Research portal (Tilburg University) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Università degli Studi di Torino (PALS_RIC_N_COMP_24_01)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- cortical excitability, healthy aging, cognitive resilience, cognitive decline, biomarkers, older adults, early detection of cognitive decline, measurement standardization
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