Traumatization, loneliness, and suicidal ideation among former prisoners of war: a longitudinally assessed sequential mediation model
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Although highly researched among veterans, the underlying mechanisms of suicidal ideation (SI) among former prisoners of war (ex-POWs), especially in the long-term, have rarely been investigated. Furthermore, while posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and loneliness have been individually associated with veteran SI, and both may be differentially implicated by captivity versus war traumas, the interplay between them has yet to be examined. Filling this gap, the current longitudinal study examined a hypothetical sequential model wherein war captivity, compared with combat-induced trauma, is implicated in worse PTSS, which is then implicated in worse loneliness and PTSS, which together may explain subsequent SI. Two groups of Israeli veterans of the 1973 Yom Kippur War, 163 ex-POWs and 185 matched non-captive veterans were assessed 18 (T1) and 30 (T2) years after the war. Analyses indicated that compared with war, captivity was implicated in worse PTSS, which was implicated in worse loneliness, and these worked in tandem to implicate SI. Loneliness, however, was not directly affected by the type of trauma, nor was its relation to SI linked to its implication in subsequent PTSS. These results may inform future research and clinical practice as the study underscores the importance of both PTSS and loneliness in ex-POWs' long-term SI.
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Studies conducted in Israel or worldwide found that loneliness was not a significant predictor of SIB, while a significant association between loneliness and later suicidal ideation was identified in the Australian study.
“Of the remaining studies, those conducted in Israel (Stein et al., 2017; Trakhtenbrot et al., 2016) or worldwide (Kleiman et al., 2017 Study 1) found that loneliness was not a significant predictor of SIB, while a significant association between loneliness and later suicidal ideation was identified in the Australian study (McGraw et al., 2008).”
From Loneliness as a predictor of suicidal ideation and behaviour: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies (2020) · cites this paper as Stein et al., 2017
Neither of the studies from Israel or from a Norwegian hospital found a significant loneliness-SIB association, while all studies which recruited from the general population in other countries did.
“Neither of the studies from Israel (based on psychiatric inpatient or veteran ex-prisoner of war populations), or from a Norwegian hospital (Groholt et al., 2006) found a significant loneliness-SIB association, while all studies which recruited from the general population in other countries did.”
From Loneliness as a predictor of suicidal ideation and behaviour: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies (2020) · cites this paper as Stein et al., 2017
Pietrzak et al. (2017) and Stein et al. (2017) both recruited from veteran populations and had contrasting results.
“Pietrzak et al. (2017) and Stein et al. (2017) both recruited from veteran populations with contrasting results”
From Loneliness as a predictor of suicidal ideation and behaviour: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies (2020) · cites this paper as Stein et al. (2017)
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- Authors
- Stein, J. Y., Itzhaky, L., Levi-Belz, Y., & Solomon, Z.
- Affiliations
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Stein, Jacob Y.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2017-12-12
- Volume
- 8
- Pages
- 281-281
- ISSN
- 1664-0640 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5732953
- OpenAlex
- W2771216293
- Cited by
- 18
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 1.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- former prisoners of war, suicidal ideation, posttraumatic stress symptoms, loneliness, war injuries, 1973 Yom Kippur War, Israeli veterans, long-term mental health outcomes
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