Bigger, brighter, bluer-better? Current light-emitting devices—Adverse sleep properties and preventative strategies
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: In an effort to enhance the efficiency, brightness, and contrast of light-emitting (LE) devices during the day, displays often generate substantial short-wavelength (blue-enriched) light emissions that can adversely affect sleep. We set out to verify the extent of such short-wavelength emissions, produced by a tablet (iPad Air), e-reader (Kindle Paperwhite 1st generation), and smartphone (iPhone 5s) and to determine the impact of strategies designed to reduce these light emissions. SETTING: University of Surrey dedicated chronobiology facility. METHODS: First, the spectral power of all the LE devices was assessed when displaying identical text. Second, we compared the text output with that of "Angry Birds" - a popular top 100 "App Store" game. Finally, we measured the impact of two strategies that attempt to reduce the output of short-wavelength light emissions. The first strategy employed an inexpensive commercially available pair of orange-tinted "blue-blocking" glasses. The second strategy tested an app designed to be "sleep-aware" whose designers deliberately attempted to reduce short-wavelength light emissions. RESULTS: All the LE devices shared very similar enhanced short-wavelength peaks when displaying text. This included the output from the backlit Kindle Paperwhite device. The spectra when comparing text to the Angry Birds game were also very similar, although the text emissions were higher intensity. Both the orange-tinted glasses and the "sleep-aware" app significantly reduced short-wavelength emissions. CONCLUSION: The LE devices tested were all bright and characterized by short-wavelength enriched emissions. Since this type of light is likely to cause the most disruption to sleep as it most effectively suppresses melatonin and increases alertness, there needs to be the recognition that at night-time "brighter and bluer" is not synonymous with "better." Ideally future software design could be better optimized when night-time use is anticipated, and hardware should allow an automatic "bedtime mode" that shifts blue and green light emissions to yellow and red as well as reduce backlight/light intensity.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Smartphones, laptops and e-books are equipped with LEDs that emit a considerable amount of short-wavelength light.
“Smartphones, laptops and e-books are equipped with light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which emit a considerable amount of short-wavelength light (i.e., “blue light”) [3,4].”
From Preliminary Results: The Impact of Smartphone Use and Short-Wavelength Light during the Evening on Circadian Rhythm, Sleep and Alertness (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
The Materials and Methods table identifies LED lighting in the smartphone, tablet, and Kindle e-reader tested; the Results report enhanced short-wavelength blue peaks from all three. The paper does not report testing laptops or establish their emissions, so that part of the cited sentence is not supported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Chang, A.-M., Aeschbach, D., Duffy, J. F., & Czeisler, C. A. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1418490112 · Cited by 1,430 · see citing works
Thapan, K., Arendt, J., & Skene, D. J. (2001) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.t01-1-00261.x · Cited by 1,320 · see citing works
Measuring and using light in the melanopsin age
Lucas, R. J., Peirson, S. N., Berson, D. M., Brown, T. M., Cooper, H. M., Czeisler, C. A., Figueiro, M. G., Gamlin, P. D., Lockley, S. W., O’Hagan, J. B., et al. (2014) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2013.10.004 · Cited by 1,278 · see citing works
Bright Light Induction of Strong (Type 0) Resetting of the Human Circadian Pacemaker
Czeisler, C. A., Kronauer, R. E., Allan, J. S., Duffy, J. F., Jewett, M. E., Brown, E. N., & Ronda, J. M. (1989) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2734611 · Cited by 946 · see citing works
Cajochen, C., Münch, M., Kobialka, S., Kräuchi, K., Steiner, R., Oelhafen, P., Orgül, S., & Wirz-Justice, A. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0957 · Cited by 939 · see citing works
Cajochen, C., Frey, S., Anders, D., Späti, J., Bues, M., Pross, A., Mager, R., Wirz-Justice, A., & Stefani, O. (2011) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00165.2011 · Cited by 730 · see citing works
Gradisar, M., Wolfson, A. R., Harvey, A. G., Hale, L., Rosenberg, R., & Czeisler, C. A. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.3272 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Wood, B., Rea, M. S., Plitnick, B., & Figueiro, M. G. (2013) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2012.07.008 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
Phipps-Nelson, J., Redman, J. R., Dijk, D.-J., & Rajaratnam, S. M. W. (2003) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/26.6.695 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Higuchi, S., Motohashi, Y., Liu, Y., & MAEDA, A. (2005) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2005.00463.x · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Hatori, M., Le, H. D., Vollmers, C., Keding, S. R., Tanaka, N., Schmedt, C., Jegla, T. J., & Panda, S. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002451 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Human responses to bright light of different durations
Chang, A., Santhi, N., St Hilaire, M., Gronfier, C., Bradstreet, D. S., Duffy, J. F., Lockley, S. W., Kronauer, R. E., & Czeisler, C. A. (2012) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2011.226555 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
van der Lely, S., Frey, S., Garbazza, C., Wirz-Justice, A., Jenni, O. G., Steiner, R., Wolf, S., Cajochen, C., Bromundt, V., & Schmidt, C. (2015) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.08.002 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Sleep duration, restfulness, and screens in the sleep environment
Falbe, J., Davison, K. K., Franckle, R. L., Ganter, C., Gortmaker, S. L., Smith, L., Land, T., & Taveras, E. M. (2015) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2014-2306 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Santhi, N., Thorne, H. C., van der Veen, D. R., Johnsen, S., Mills, S. L., Hommes, V., Schlangen, L. J. M., Archer, S. N., & Dijk, D. (2012) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-079x.2011.00970.x · Cited by 219 · cited 1× · see citing works
“While light during the daytime can beneficially enhance alertness, performance, and mood (8), in the evening it can suppress the production of melatonin, increase alertness, and delay sleep onset (9).”
BackgroundHuman circadian rhythms: physiological and therapeutic relevance of light and melatonin
Skene, D. J., & Arendt, J. (2006) · Annals of Clinical Biochemistry International Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1258/000456306778520142 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Revell, V. L., Barrett, D. C. G., Schlangen, L. J. M., & Skene, D. J. (2010) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2010.516048 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Behavioral Health Interventions: What Works and Why?
Cutler, D. (2002) · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 20 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Circadian Rhythm and Sleep Disruption: Causes, Metabolic Consequences, and Countermeasures
Potter, G. D., Skene, D. J., Arendt, J., Cade, J. E., Grant, P. J., & Hardie, L. J. (2016) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2016-1083 · Cited by 729 · see citing works
Kenney, E. L., & Gortmaker, S. L. (2016) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.11.015 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
García-Saenz, A., de Miguel, A. S., Espinosa, A., Valentín, A., Aragonés, N., Llorca, J., Amiano, P., Martín, V., Guevara, M., Capelo, R., et al. (2018) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp1837 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Melatonin suppression is exquisitely sensitive to light and primarily driven by melanopsin in humans
Prayag, A. S., Najjar, R. P., & Gronfier, C. (2019) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12562 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Bauer, M., Glenn, T., Geddes, J., Gitlin, M., Grof, P., Kessing, L. V., Monteith, S., Faurholt-Jepsen, M., Severus, E., & Whybrow, P. C. (2020) · International Journal of Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40345-019-0164-x · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Levenson, J. C., Shensa, A., Sidani, J. E., Colditz, J. B., & Primack, B. A. (2017) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsx113 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
TFOS Lifestyle: Impact of the digital environment on the ocular surface
Wolffsohn, J. S., Lingham, G., Downie, L. E., Huntjens, B., Inomata, T., Jivraj, S., Kobia‐Acquah, E., Müntz, A., Mohamed‐Noriega, K., Plainis, S., et al. (2023) · The Ocular Surface · doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2023.04.004 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Chinoy, E. D., Duffy, J. F., & Czeisler, C. A. (2018) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.13692 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Allen, A. E., Hazelhoff, E. M., Martial, F. P., Cajochen, C., & Lucas, R. J. (2018) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy100 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Huss, A., van Wel, L., Bogaards, L., Vrijkotte, T. G. M., Wolf, L., Hoek, G., & Vermeulen, R. C. H. (2019) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp3431 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The Role of Sleep in Young Children’s Development: A Review
Schlieber, M., & Han, J. (2021) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2021.1908218 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Sensitivity of the circadian system to evening bright light in preschool-age children
Akacem, L. D., Wright, K. P., & LeBourgeois, M. K. (2018) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.13617 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Dijk, D., & Landolt, H. (2019) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/164_2019_243 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Scholkmann, F., Hafner, T., Metz, A. J., Wolf, M., & Wolf, U. (2017) · Neurophotonics · doi:10.1117/1.nph.4.4.045005 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Höhn, C., Schmid, S. R., Plamberger, C. P., Bothe, K., Angerer, M., Gruber, G., Pletzer, B., & Hoedlmoser, K. (2021) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep3010005 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Dynamics of Non-visual Responses in Humans: As Fast as Lightning?
Prayag, A. S., Jost, S., Avouac, P., Dumortier, D., & Gronfier, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00126 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Facebook use and sleep quality: Light interacts with socially induced alertness
Bowler, J., & Bourke, P. A. (2018) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12351 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Nobarı, H., Azarian, S., Saedmocheshi, S., Valdés-Badilla, P., & García‐Calvo, T. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19636 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The potential influence of LED lighting on mental illness
Bauer, M., Glenn, T., Monteith, S., Gottlieb, J. F., Ritter, P. S., Geddes, J. R., & Whybrow, P. C. (2017) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2017.1417639 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Zhou, Y., Shi, H., Chen, Q., Ru, T., & Zhou, G. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11094108 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Caumo, G. H., Spritzer, D. T., Carissimi, A., & Tonon, A. C. (2020) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2019.12.004 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Duraccio, K. M., Zaugg, K. K., Blackburn, R. C., & Jensen, C. D. (2021) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2021.03.005 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Electronic device generated light increases reactive oxygen species in human fibroblasts
Austin, E., Huang, A., Adar, T., Wang, E. B., & Jagdeo, J. R. (2018) · Lasers in Surgery and Medicine · doi:10.1002/lsm.22794 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Solar insolation in springtime influences age of onset of bipolar I disorder
Bauer, M., Glenn, T., Alda, M., Aleksandrovich, M. A., Andreassen, O. A., Angelopoulos, E. K., Ardau, R., Ayhan, Y., Baethge, C., Bharathram, S. R., et al. (2017) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12772 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Towards Understanding the Design of Positive Pre-sleep Through a Neurofeedback Artistic Experience
Semertzidis, N. A., Sargeant, B., Dwyer, J. L., Mueller, F., & Zambetta, F. (2019) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3290605.3300804 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Rea, M. S., Nagare, R., & Figueiro, M. G. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-70619-5 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Circadian rhythms and the liver
Costa, R., Mangini, C., Domenie, E. D., Zarantonello, L., & Montagnese, S. (2023) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/liv.15501 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Fernandez, F. (2022) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s251712 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Formentin, C., Carraro, S., Turco, M., Zarantonello, L., Angeli, P., & Montagnese, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.00005 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Cleary-Gaffney, M., Espey, B. R., & Coogan, A. N. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11284 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Blue Light and Eye Damage: A Review on the Impact of Digital Device Emissions
Hipólito, V., & Coelho, J. M. P. (2023) · Photonics · doi:10.3390/photonics10050560 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Fernandez, F. (2022) · Dove Medical Press (Taylor and Francis Group) · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Resetting the Aging Clock: Implications for Managing Age-Related Diseases
Nobrega, A. K. D., Luz, K. V., & Lyons, L. C. (2020) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42667-5_9 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Lopresti, A. L., & Smith, S. J. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1522302 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Is blue light exposure a cause of precocious puberty in male rats?
Uğurlu, A. K., Bıdecı, A., Demirel, A. M., Kaplanoğlu, G. T., Dayanır, D., Gülbahar, Ö., Bulut, T. S. D., Döğer, E., & Çamurdan, M. O. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1190445 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Kazemi, R., Alighanbari, N., & Zamanian, Z. (2019) · Health Promotion Perspectives · doi:10.15171/hpp.2019.32 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Effects of Blue Light on Puberty and Ovary in Female Rats
Uğurlu, A. K., Bıdecı, A., Demi̇rel, M. A., Kaplanoğlu, G. T., Dayanır, D., Gülbahar, Ö., Bulut, T. S. D., Döğer, E., & Çamurdan, M. O. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology · doi:10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2023.2022-12-1 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
ADOLESCENTS’ INVOLVEMENT IN SOCIAL MEDIA: BEFORE AND DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Hudimova, A. (2021) · International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science · doi:10.31435/rsglobal_ijitss/30032021/7370 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Ergonomic lighting considerations for the home office workplace
McKee, C., & Hedge, A. (2022) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-210704 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Farquhar, M. (2016) · Archives of Disease in Childhood Education & Practice · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2016-312119 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Kazhali, M. A., Shahwan, M. J., Hassan, N., & Jairoun, A. A. (2021) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdab372 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Adolescent sleep – lessons from COVID-19
Tyack, C., Unadkat, S., & Voisnyte, J. (2021) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13591045211065937 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Neuronal Responses to Short Wavelength Light Deficiency in the Rat Subcortical Visual System
Orlowska‐Feuer, P., Smyk, M. K., Alwani, A., & Lewandowski, M. H. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.615181 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Baker, J., Putnam, N., Kozlowski, R. E., Anderson, M., Bird, Z., Chmielewski, J., Meske, J., Steinshouer, N., & Kozlowski, M. R. (2022) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1016/j.jpap.2022.100118 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Mason, B., Tubbs, A. S., Fernandez, F., & Grandner, M. A. (2022) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2021.2021229 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Allman-Farinelli, M. A., Chen, J., Chevance, G., Partridge, S. R., Gemming, L., Patrick, K., & Godino, J. (2020) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13006 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Alzahrani, H. S., Khuu, S. K., & Roy, M. (2021) · Clinical and Experimental Optometry · doi:10.1080/08164622.2021.1898276 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Montagnese, S., Zarantonello, L., Formentin, C., Giusti, G., Mangini, C., Isherwood, C., Ferrari, P., Paoli, A., Mapelli, D., Rizzuto, R., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.848602 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Fifteen-minute consultation on problems in the healthy child: sleep
Turnbull, J., & Farquhar, M. (2016) · Archives of Disease in Childhood Education & Practice · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2015-309883 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ikeda, Y., Morita, E., Muroi, K., Arai, Y., Ikeda, T., Takahashi, T., Shiraki, N., Doki, S., Hori, D., Oi, Y., et al. (2022) · PubMed Central · doi:10.18999/nagjms.84.3.554 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Biswas, A., Adán, A., & Sahu, S. (2025) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2025.106663 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Montagnese, S., Zarantonello, L., Formentin, C., Zancato, C., Bonetto, M. B., Biscontin, A., Cusumano, P., & Costa, R. (2021) · Journal of Circadian Rhythms · doi:10.5334/jcr.202 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Kozlowski, M. R. (2021) · Medical Hypothesis Discovery & Innovation in Optometry · doi:10.51329/mehdioptometry118 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Chen, Q., Ru, T., Xue, L. U. O., Dong, Q., Zhai, D., XIONG, X., & Zhou, G. (2019) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2019.00070 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Usages des écrans, surpoids et obésité
Courbet, D., & Fourquet-Courbet, M.-P. (2019) · Obésité · doi:10.3166/obe-2019-0074 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Estimating Young Children’s Exposure to Food and Beverage Marketing on Mobile Devices
Kenney, E. L., Mozaffarian, R. S., Norris, J., Fleming‐Milici, F., & Bleich, S. N. (2024) · Current Developments in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.104505 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lazzarini, R., Tartaglione, M. F., Ciarapica, V., Piva, F., Giulietti, M., Fulgenzi, G., Martelli, M., Ledda, C., Vitale, E., Malavolta, M., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms242216189 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Artificial Light at Night and Breast Cancer
Al-Naggar, R. A., & Al-Maktari, L. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.96896 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
New Media Development, Sleep and Lifestyle in Children and Adolescents
Łuszczki, E., Bartosiewicz, A., Bobula, G., Kuchciak, M., Jagielski, P., Oleksy, Ł., Stolarczyk, A., & Dereń, K. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13042248 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ratto, G., Videla, F. A., & Valdiviezo, J. H. M. (2021) · doi:10.1117/12.2593623 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
BioClocks UK: driving robust cycles of discovery to impact
Rees, H., Rzechorzek, N. M., Hughes, R. B., Dodd, A. N., Hodge, J. J. L., Stevenson, T. J., von Schantz, M., Lucas, R. J., Reece, S. E., Kyriacou, C. P., et al. (2025) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2023.0345 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Importance of patient online activities
Monteith, S., Glenn, T., Geddes, J. R., Whybrow, P. C., Achtyes, E. D., Bauer, R., & Bauer, M. (2025) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2025.32 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Inflammation and oxidative stress processes in induced precocious puberty in rats
Pop, R. M., Gherman, L.-M., Jianu, M. E., Roşian, Ş. H., Onofrei, M. M., Mocan, L. P., Chedea, V. S., Bocșan, I. C., Apostu, D., Todea, A. R., et al. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e40962 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Differential Effects of Light Spectra on Sleep Architecture and Melatonin in Rats
Chiu, Y.-C., Yi, P.-L., & Chang, F. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15050445 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Screens in bed: visual art, sleep and handheld screen devices
Burstow, S. (2019) · Visual Studies · doi:10.1080/1472586x.2019.1622444 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
[Cross-sectional study on sleep habits and new technologies use in high school students.]
Fuentes, S. A., Otero, E. C., Lara, E. N., Arias, Á., & Tejera‐Muñoz, A. (2023) · PubMed Central · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Aldughmi, M., Aburub, A. S., & Al‐Sharman, A. (2024) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-024-03030-3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Clinical Implications of the Timed Autonomic Nervous System
Cardinali, D. P. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57571-1_8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Relationship between Smartphone Addiction, Sleep Quality and Stress among University Students
(2020) · Personalia Pelajar · doi:10.17576/personalia.2301.2020.06 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Allaart, L. J. H., Lech, J., Macken, A. A., Kling, A., Lafosse, L., Lafosse, T., van den Bekerom, M. P. J., & Buijze, G. A. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071078 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Rea, M. S., Nagare, R., Bullough, J. D., & Figueiro, M. G. (2024) · Frontiers in Photonics · doi:10.3389/fphot.2024.1386703 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Contact lenses and digital eye strain
Yuhas, P. T. (2025) · Clinical and Experimental Optometry · doi:10.1080/08164622.2025.2578331 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
How England got its name (1014-1030)
Beech, G. T. (2009) · Nouvelle revue d onomastique · doi:10.3406/onoma.2009.1506 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Twenty-First Century: The 24/7 Society as an Environmental Mutation
Cardinali, D. P. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-41679-3_11 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kelly, R. M., McDermott, J. H., & Coogan, A. N. (2023) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep6010002 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Şengül, H. (2017) · Human and Ecological Risk Assessment An International Journal · doi:10.1080/10807039.2017.1336699
Koval, L. (2019) · Ventilation Illumination and Heat Gas Supply · doi:10.32347/2409-2606.2019.31.42-54
Blink Detection to Control Display Light
Reddy, D. B., & Jain, P. (2022) · International Conference on Innovative Practices in Technology and Management (ICIPTM) · doi:10.1109/iciptm54933.2022.9753870
Patterns in Designing Energy-Efficient Light Environment by Means of LED Sources: Review
Koval, L., Sergeychuk, O., & Andropova, O. (2022) · Lecture notes in civil engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14141-6_18
Evaluation of Smartphone usage as a Predictor of Social Jetlag in University Students
Mehta, K., Mahajan, N., Upadhyay, D. B., Jadeja, T. H., & Sevak, R. J. (2022) · Annals of Indian Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/aip.aip_24_22
GÜLTEPE, K. K., & Cingil, D. (2022) · Turkish Journal of Family Medicine & Primary Care · doi:10.21763/tjfmpc.1097355
PRACTICAS Y SIGNIFICADOS EN TORNO AL CICLO SUEÑO VIGILIA EN PERSONAS MAYORES DEL GRAN SANTIAGO
Cortés, M. C., & Moya, M. O. (2022) · Revista Chilena de Atención Primaria y Salud Familiar · doi:10.5354/2735-7805.2022.68187
Smartphone applications for sleep
Wong, J. L. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99271-8.00001-2
Psychophysical–Emotional Aspects – Visual Comfort and Non‐visual Effects
Khanh, T. Q., Bodrogi, P., & Vinh, T. Q. (2023) · doi:10.1002/9783527831517.ch9
Siringoringo, D. S. U., Juhanna, I. V., Wahyuni, N., & Dinata, I. M. K. (2024) · E-Jurnal Medika Udayana · doi:10.24843/mu.2024.v13.i03.p17
Home Nighttime Light Exposures
Miller, N., & Kinzey, B. R. (2018) · Lighting Design + Application · doi:10.1177/036063251804800715
Pérez-Manchón, D., Azpeleta, C., Gal, B., & Ruiz‐Zaldibar, C. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5804905/v1
Pérez-Manchón, D., Azpeleta, C., Gal, B., & Ruiz‐Zaldibar, C. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5804905/v2
Wang, Y., Rong, S.-S., Zhou, Z., Liang, Y.-B., Lin, Z., Wang, F.-H., Wang, Q., Feng, K.-M., Ding, X.-X., Zang, D., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1521347
Dreamy Dwellings: How the Sleep Environment Affects Sleep Health in Adults—A Narrative Review
Potter, G. D., Grosicki, G. J., Tinsley, G. M., Wood, T. R., Garner, D., & Galpin, A. J. (2025) · Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1002/lim2.70022 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Damar, A., & Önder, İ. (2026) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2026.2659921
Digital Detoxing Among Students: A Systematic Review
Thakur, K. (2026) · International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering Management & Applied Science · doi:10.51583/ijltemas.2026.150600138
Aljukhadar, M. (2026) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph23080969
Tupu, A. E., Tudor, S. S., Tudor, I. M., Ștefan, C. S., Munteanu, A. E., & Nechita, A. (2026) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics16152355
Chen, S., Liu, Y., Ye, W., Wu, A., & Wu, J. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14152433
Health and environmental consequences of blue light exposure and mitigation strategies: A review
Alkhatib, H., & Norton, B. (2026) · Environmental Advances · doi:10.1016/j.envadv.2026.100749 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sun, Y., Mu, C., Zhuoruo, X., Qin, Z., Sun, H., Jiang, T., Wang, C., Wang, N., & Jin, X. (2026) · Advances in Ophthalmology Practice and Research · doi:10.1016/j.aopr.2026.08.003
- Authors
- Gringras, P., Middleton, B., Skene, D. J., & Revell, V. L.
- Affiliations
- St Thomas' Hospital (GB)
- University of Surrey (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Gringras, Paul
- Venue
- Frontiers in Public Health
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2015-10-13
- Volume
- 3
- Pages
- 233-233
- ISSN
- 2296-2565 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4602096
- OpenAlex
- W2178370362
- Cited by
- 100
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5
- FWCI
- 3.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Impact of Light on Environment and Health
- Keywords
- blue emission, short-wavelength light, light-emitting devices, sleep disruption, melatonin suppression, smartphone screens, tablet display, e-readers, display brightness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
