Measuring and using light in the melanopsin age
Open accessAbstract
Light is a potent stimulus for regulating circadian, hormonal, and behavioral systems. In addition, light therapy is effective for certain affective disorders, sleep problems, and circadian rhythm disruption. These biological and behavioral effects of light are influenced by a distinct photoreceptor in the eye, melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), in addition to conventional rods and cones. We summarize the neurophysiology of this newly described sensory pathway and consider implications for the measurement, production, and application of light. A new light-measurement strategy taking account of the complex photoreceptive inputs to these non-visual responses is proposed for use by researchers, and simple suggestions for artificial/architectural lighting are provided for regulatory authorities, lighting manufacturers, designers, and engineers.
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Lux is an inappropriate measure for estimating light's impact on melatonin suppression, circadian-phase shifting, and other non-image-forming retinal effects.
“For this reason, it has recently been proposed that lux is an inappropriate measure for estimation of the impact of light on melatonin suppression, circadian-phase shifting, and other non -imageforming effects of retinal light exposure (35).”
From Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness. (2015) · cites this paper as [35]
Melatonin exhibits beneficial actions on cardiovascular health by enhancing endothelial function, maintaining metabolic homeostasis, and reducing inflammation.
“They also exhibit beneficial actions on cardiovascular health by enhancing endothelial function, maintaining metabolic homeostasis,38 and reducing inflammation.39,40”
From Total and Cause-Specific Mortality of U.S. Nurses Working Rotating Night Shifts (2015) · cites this paper as [40]
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“blue light) on the circadian pacemaker (47).”
Self-citationLunn, R. M., Blask, D. E., Coogan, A. N., Figueiro, M. G., Gorman, M. R., Hall, J. E., Hansen, J., Nelson, R. J., Panda, S., Smolensky, M. H., et al. (2017) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.056 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
“Using these data, two spectral sensitivity functions and onemathematical model have been proposed and published in peer-reviewed journals, as described by Lucas et al. (2014).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationLEDs for photons, physiology and food
Pattison, P. M., Tsao, J. Y., Brainard, G. C., & Bugbee, B. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0706-x · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Self-citationA framework to assess evolutionary responses to anthropogenic light and sound
Swaddle, J. P., Francis, C. D., Barber, J. R., Cooper, C. B., Kyba, C. C. M., Dominoni, D. M., Shannon, G., Aschehoug, E. T., Goodwin, S. E., Kawahara, A. Y., et al. (2015) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2015.06.009 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Melanopsin and the Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells: Biophysics to Behavior
Do, M. T. H. (2019) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.07.016 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
“For example, while broadband light induces sleep in mice, it improves alertness, attention, and reaction time in humans (Lucas et al., 2014).”
BackgroundTen questions concerning well-being in the built environment
Altomonte, S., Allen, J. G., Bluyssen, P. M., Brager, G. S., Heschong, L., Loder, A., Schiavon, S., Veitch, J. A., Wang, L. M., & Wargocki, P. L. (2020) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106949 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
“POST-PRINT ACCEPTED AUTHORS’ SELF-ARCHIVED MANUSCRIPT were the key factors in determining circadian responses, but further research has suggested that more subtle patterns of spectral content, the history, and geometry of exposure may also be important [63] [64].”
BackgroundCircadian disruption: what do we actually mean?
Vetter, C. (2020) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14255 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
“…photosensitive retinal ganglion cells are a constituent part of the retino-hypothalamic pathway that provides the SCN with information on environmental light exposure levels, and that together with rods and cones, determine the biological effects of light (Lucas et al., 2014; Hughes et al., 2015).”
BackgroundAcute alerting effects of light: A systematic literature review
Souman, J. L., Tinga, A. M., te Pas, S. F., van Ee, R., & Vlaskamp, B. N. S. (2018) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.09.016 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Sulli, G., Manoogian, E. N. C., Taub, P. R., & Panda, S. (2018) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2018.07.003 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
“These will hopefully help in setting and defining guidelines on the intensity and spectral composition of light used and the duration for which it is used in order to improve the health of the occupants [12, 52, 53].”
BackgroundLight and Cognition: Roles for Circadian Rhythms, Sleep, and Arousal
Fisk, A. S., Tam, S. K. E., Brown, L. A., Vyazovskiy, V. V., Bannerman, D. M., & Peirson, S. N. (2018) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00056 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
“This includes not only shift work and jet-lag, but exposure to light at night and the effects of light emission from mobile devices, such as laptops, tablets, and smartphones (5).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLight as a circadian stimulus for architectural lighting
Rea, M. S., & Figueiro, M. G. (2016) · Lighting Research & Technology · doi:10.1177/1477153516682368 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Self-citationHigh-Resolution Imagery of Earth at Night: New Sources, Opportunities and Challenges
Kyba, C. C. M., Garz, S., Kuechly, H. U., de Miguel, A. S., Jaime Zamorano, G., Fischer, J., & Hölker, F. (2014) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs70100001 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
“The problem may be even more critical for epidemiological studies, because the response of the human circadian system peaks in a spectral range that both the DMSP and VIIRS DNB do not image [49].”
BackgroundLight and the laboratory mouse
Peirson, S. N., Brown, L. A., Pothecary, C. A., Benson, L. A., & Fisk, A. S. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.04.007 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
“Recent guidelines on the use of light in non-visual studies recommended that the spectral power distribution of all light sources should always be reported in such research to ensure reproducibility (Lucas et al., 2014).”
Self-citationDepner, C. M., Cheng, P., Devine, J. K., Khosla, S., de Zambotti, M., Robillard, R., Vakulin, A., & Drummond, S. P. A. (2019) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz254 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
“• 24 hour light exposure pattern (intensity and wavelength) [52] • Geographical location (e.”
BackgroundDaylight: What makes the difference?
Knoop, M., Stefani, O., Bueno, B., Matusiak, B. S., Hobday, R. A., Wirz‐Justice, A., Martiny, K., Kantermann, T., Aarts, M. M., Zemmouri, N., et al. (2019) · Lighting Research & Technology · doi:10.1177/1477153519869758 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Brown, T. M. (2020) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12655 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Self-citationLED lighting efficacy: Status and directions
Pattison, P. M., Hansen, M. A., & Tsao, J. Y. (2017) · Comptes Rendus Physique · doi:10.1016/j.crhy.2017.10.013 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Vetter, C., Pattison, P. M., Houser, K. W., Herf, M., Phillips, A. J. K., Wright, K. P., Skene, D. J., Brainard, G. C., Boivin, D. B., & Glickman, G. L. (2021) · LEUKOS The Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America · doi:10.1080/15502724.2021.1872383 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
“The toolbox proposed by Lucas et al. (2014) thus considers the spectral power distribution of incident light within the context of the five photopigment-specific sensitivity functions displayed in Fig.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationLight Pollution, Circadian Photoreception, and Melatonin in Vertebrates
Grubisić, M., Haim, A., Bhusal, P., Dominoni, D. M., Gabriel, K. M. A., Jechow, A., Kupprat, F., Lerner, A., Marchant, P., Riley, W. D., et al. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11226400 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
“We further want to point out the excellent paper [172] about recommendations for human studies in what they call the “melanopsin age”, providing also a useful toolbox in the supplement to convert spectral irradiance to photopic and other units.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCoogan, A. N., & McGowan, N. M. (2017) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-016-0214-5 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
“For example, the main photoreceptive system for the circadian clock is not the visual system, but rather a system utilising the photopigment melanopsin in a subset of light-sensitive retinal ganglion cells (Lucas et al. 2014).”
BackgroundTotal and Cause-Specific Mortality of U.S. Nurses Working Rotating Night Shifts
Gu, F., Han, J., Laden, F., Pan, A., Caporaso, N. E., Stampfer, M. J., Kawachi, I., Rexrode, K. M., Willett, W. C., Hankinson, S. E., et al. (2015) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2014.10.018 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
“39,40 Direct nocturnal light exposure suppresses melatonin production 41 and resets the timing of the circadian clock.”
Kelbsch, C., Straßer, T., Chen, Y., Feigl, B., Gamlin, P. D., Kardon, R. H., Peters, T. M., Roecklein, K. A., Steinhauer, S. R., Szabadi, E., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00129 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
“The quantification of the light in terms of its melanopsin excitation, that is the alpha-opic lux (121) or relative cone Trolands (122) will facilitate comparison between radiometric and photometric units.”
BackgroundSelf-citationWorldwide variations in artificial skyglow
Kyba, C. C. M., Tong, K. P., Bennie, J., Birriel, I., Birriel, J., Cool, A., Danielsen, A., Davies, T. W., den Outer, P. N., Edwards, W., et al. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep08409 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Ru, T., de Kort, Y. A. W., Smolders, K. C. H. J., Chen, Q., & Zhou, G. (2018) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.12.002 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
“[56,57,62,63]).”
BackgroundMethodThe effect of lighting environment on task performance in buildings – A review
Konstantzos, I., Sadeghi, S. A., Kim, M., Xiong, J., & Tzempelikos, A. (2020) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110394 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
“Current well-being-focused standards such as WELL [37] use the Equivalent Melanopic Lux (EML), a new metric that also weights the impact on the ipRGC instead of only addressing the rods and cones[56].”
Melatonin suppression is exquisitely sensitive to light and primarily driven by melanopsin in humans
Prayag, A. S., Najjar, R. P., & Gronfier, C. (2019) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12562 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Rapid assessment of lamp spectrum to quantify ecological effects of light at night
Longcore, T., Rodríguez, A., Witherington, B. E., Penniman, J. F., Herf, L., & Herf, M. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A Ecological and Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1002/jez.2184 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Melanopsin Regulates Both Sleep-Promoting and Arousal-Promoting Responses to Light
Pilorz, V., Tam, S. K. E., Hughes, S., Pothecary, C. A., Jagannath, A., Hankins, M. W., Bannerman, D. M., Lightman, S. L., Vyazovskiy, V. V., Nolan, P. M., et al. (2016) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002482 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Post-Illumination Pupil Response (PIPR)
Adhikari, P., Zele, A. J., & Feigl, B. (2015) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.14-16233 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Night Shift Work and Risk of Breast Cancer
Hansen, J. (2017) · Current Environmental Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s40572-017-0155-y · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Khan, S., Nobili, L., Khatami, R., Loddenkemper, T., Cajochen, C., Dijk, D., & Eriksson, S. H. (2018) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30335-1 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Blood transcriptome based biomarkers for human circadian phase
Laing, E., Möller‐Levet, C. S., Poh, N., Santhi, N., Archer, S. N., & Dijk, D. (2017) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.20214 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“In field situations, this can be accomplished by the scheduled collection of urine for determination of 6-sulfatoxy-melatonin, where the 95% CIs of such assessment are thought to be ±1 hr 30 min (Lushington et al., 1996).”
BackgroundThe Role of Daylight for Humans: Gaps in Current Knowledge
Münch, M. Y., Wirz‐Justice, A., Brown, S. A., Kantermann, T., Martiny, K., Stefani, O., Vetter, C., Wright, K. P., Wulff, K., & Skene, D. J. (2020) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep2010008 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citationHuman-Centric Lighting: Foundational Considerations and a Five-Step Design Process
Houser, K. W., & Esposito, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.630553 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“For a Microsoft Excel calculator to compute EML see IWBI (38).”
MethodInfluentialThe Lighting Environment, Its Metrology, and Non-visual Responses
Schlangen, L. J. M., & Price, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.624861 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
“It explains and discusses a standardized light metrology (12) that is based on five retinal photoreceptor types, each of which has a distinct spectral sensitivity and may contribute to non-visual or NIF responses (13).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationReducing nighttime light exposure in the urban environment to benefit human health and society
Zielińska-Dąbkowska, K. M., Schernhammer, E. S., Hanifin, J. P., & Brainard, G. C. (2023) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adg5277 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Self-citationSkeldon, A. C., Phillips, A. J. K., & Dijk, D.-J. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep45158 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Electric light, particularly at night, disrupts human circadian rhythmicity: is that a problem?
Stevens, R. G., & Zhu, Y. L. (2015) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0120 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Non-visual effects of light: How to use light to promote circadian entrainment and elicit alertness
Figueiro, M. G., Nagare, R., & Price, L. (2017) · Lighting Research & Technology · doi:10.1177/1477153517721598 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citationFotios, S. A., & Gibbons, R. B. (2018) · Lighting Research & Technology · doi:10.1177/1477153517739055 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Smolders, K. C. H. J., & de Kort, Y. A. W. (2017) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.02.001 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“The values are computed with the supplementary material for Lucas et al. (2014).”
Human-centric lighting: Myth, magic or metaphor?
Houser, K. W., Boyce, P. R., Zeitzer, J. M., & Herf, M. (2020) · Lighting Research & Technology · doi:10.1177/1477153520958448 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Publication guidelines and recommendations for pupillary measurement in psychophysiological studies
Steinhauer, S. R., Bradley, M. M., Siegle, G. J., Roecklein, K. A., & Dix, A. (2022) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14035 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Zielińska-Dąbkowska, K. M. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-018-00568-7 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Daylight Saving Time and Artificial Time Zones – A Battle Between Biological and Social Times
Roenneberg, T., Winnebeck, E. C., & Klerman, E. B. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00944 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Effect of daylight LED on visual comfort, melatonin, mood, waking performance and sleep
Cajochen, C., Freyburger, M., Basishvili, T., Garbazza, C., Rudzik, F., Renz, C., Kobayashi, K., Shirakawa, Y., Stefani, O., & Weibel, J. (2019) · Lighting Research & Technology · doi:10.1177/1477153519828419 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Melanopsin-Driven Light Adaptation in Mouse Vision
Allen, A. E., Storchi, R., Martial, F. P., Petersen, R. S., Montemurro, M. A., Brown, T. M., & Lucas, R. J. (2014) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.09.015 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“Our findings add to the growing evidence that the sensory requirements of ipRGCs should influence lighting design [48].”
Self-citationShining light on memory: Effects of bright light on working memory performance
Huiberts, L., Smolders, K. C. H. J., & de Kort, Y. A. W. (2015) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2015.07.045 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Dominoni, D. M. (2015) · Journal für Ornithologie · doi:10.1007/s10336-015-1196-3 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“In contrast to mammals, birds possess two different subclasses of melanopsins, Opn4x and Opn4m (Bellingham et al.”
InfluentialOhlemacher, S. K., Sridhar, A., Xiao, Y., Hochstetler, A., Sarfarazi, M., Cummins, T., & Meyer, J. S. (2016) · Stem Cells · doi:10.1002/stem.2356 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Interactions between the perception of light and temperature
Kulve, M. T., Schlangen, L. J. M., & Lichtenbelt, W. D. V. M. (2018) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12500 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Melanopsin Tristability for Sustained and Broadband Phototransduction
Emanuel, A. J., & Do, M. T. H. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.011 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
A novel circadian daylight metric for building design and evaluation
Konis, K. (2016) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.11.025 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Photometric measurements of lighting quality: An overview
Kruisselbrink, T. W., Dangol, R., & Rosemann, A. L. P. (2018) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.04.028 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Non-visual effects of indoor light environment on humans: A review✰
Xiao, H., Cai, H., & Li, X. (2020) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113195 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
How to Report Light Exposure in Human Chronobiology and Sleep Research Experiments
Spitschan, M., Stefani, O., Blattner, P., Gronfier, C., Lockley, S. W., & Lucas, R. J. (2019) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep1030024 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“These effects are mediated, although not equally, by the five photoreceptor classes in the human retina: the cones, the rods, and the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) that express the photopigment melanopsin [8].”
BackgroundSelf-citationLight modulation of human clocks, wake, and sleep
Prayag, A. S., Münch, M., Aeschbach, D., Chellappa, S. L., & Gronfier, C. (2019) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep1010017 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Rupp, A. C., Ren, M., Altimus, C. M., Fernandez, D. C., Richardson, M. E. S., Turek, F. W., Hattar, S. S., & Schmidt, T. M. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.44358 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“As a result, there is a developing awareness of light quality in everyday life (Lucas et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultEvening home lighting adversely impacts the circadian system and sleep
Cain, S. W., McGlashan, E. M., Vidafar, P., Mustafovska, J., Curran, S. P. N., Wang, X., Mohamed, A., Kalavally, V., & Phillips, A. J. K. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-75622-4 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Dim light at night disturbs the daily sleep-wake cycle in the rat
Stenvers, D. J., van Dorp, R., Foppen, E., Mendoza, J., Opperhuizen, A., Fliers, E., Bisschop, P. H. L. T., Meijer, J. H., Kalsbeek, A., & Deboer, T. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep35662 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Boubekri, M., Lee, J., MacNaughton, P., Woo, M. K., Schuyler, L., Tinianov, B. D., & Satish, U. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17093219 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“[28], where the illuminance in each direction in each of the offices over the course of the day was weighted by the spectral power distributions for the following light sources: daylight [D65 – CCT of 6500 K] for the room with optimized daylight and views, and LED [White LED – CCT of 4730 K] for the room with blinds.”
Rahman, S. A., Hilaire, M. A. S., & Lockley, S. W. (2017) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.05.002 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citationCurrent understanding of photophobia, visual networks and headaches
Noseda, R., Copenhagen, D. R., & Burstein, R. (2018) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/0333102418784750 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“Comprehensive reviews on the structural and functional properties of these photoreceptors highlight their role as an illumination detector system, optimally-driven by 480 nm wavelength photons producing blue in the visible spectrum (49,61).”
BackgroundChinoy, E. D., Duffy, J. F., & Czeisler, C. A. (2018) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.13692 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“Melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells are especially sensitive to these short-wavelength light stimuli, and when activated in the evening cause the suppression of pineal melatonin secretion and phase delays in circadian timing (Zeitzer et al. 2000; Brainard et al. 2001; Thapan et al. 2001; Lockley et al. 2006;…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationHuebner, G. M., Shipworth, D., Gauthier, S., Witzel, C., Raynham, P., & Chan, W. (2016) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2016.02.008 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Opperhuizen, A., Stenvers, D. J., Jansen, R., Foppen, E., Fliers, E., & Kalsbeek, A. (2017) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-017-4262-y · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“All data based on the rodent-toolbox provided by Lucas et al [18]”
BackgroundMethodMünch, M. Y., Nowozin, C., Regente, J., Bes, F., de Zeeuw, J., Hädel, S., Wahnschaffe, A., & Kunz, D. (2016) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000477093 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Long-Term Effect of Optic Nerve Axotomy on the Retinal Ganglion Cell Layer
Nadal-Nicolás, F. M., Sobrado‐Calvo, P., Jiménez-López, M., Vidal‐Sanz, M., & Agudo‐Barriuso, M. (2015) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.15-17195 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Huiberts, L., Smolders, K. C. H. J., & de Kort, Y. A. W. (2016) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.05.035 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Adamsson, M., Laike, T., & Morita, T. (2017) · Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY · doi:10.1186/s40101-016-0103-9 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Short‐wavelength enrichment of polychromatic light enhances human melatonin suppression potency
Brainard, G. C., Hanifin, J. P., Warfield, B., Stone, M. K., James, M. E., Ayers, M. A., Kubey, A. A., Byrne, B. G., & Rollag, M. D. (2015) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12221 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“To calculate human rod, cone, and melanopsin photoreceptor illuminances, the lamp SPDs were entered into a toolbox worksheet that is a software model for human photoreception freely available online [36].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationPatient room lighting influences on sleep, appraisal and mood in hospitalized people
Giménez, M. C., Geerdinck, L. L., Versteylen, M. O., Leffers, P., Meekes, G. J. B. M., Herremans, H., de Ruyter, B., Bikker, J. W., Kuijpers, P. M. J. C., & Schlangen, L. J. M. (2016) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12470 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Building Evidence for Health: Green Buildings, Current Science, and Future Challenges
Cedeño-Laurent, J. G., Williams, A. A., MacNaughton, P., Cao, X., Eitland, E. S., Spengler, J. D., & Allen, J. G. (2018) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044420 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Perspectives in affective disorders: Clocks and sleep
Wirz‐Justice, A., & Benedetti, F. (2019) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14362 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“However, the norms of indoor lighting are being broadened beyond the visual system (Lucas et al., 2014), somewhat simplified in the formula “human centric lighting.””
BackgroundDaily Light Exposure Patterns Reveal Phase and Period of the Human Circadian Clock
Woelders, T., Beersma, D. G. M., Gordijn, M. C. M., Hut, R. A., & Wams, E. J. (2017) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730417696787 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“Where Kronauer’s model should ideally be modified to take melanopic lux (Lucas et al., 2014) as an input, the impact of light on the clock can likely be more accurately described when actigraph devices return melanopic lux or photon flux corrected for the spectral sensitivity of melanopsin.”
BackgroundMelanopsin Contributions to the Representation of Images in the Early Visual System
Allen, A. E., Storchi, R., Martial, F. P., Bedford, R. A., & Lucas, R. J. (2017) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.046 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationCone and melanopsin contributions to human brightness estimation
Zele, A. J., Adhikari, P., Feigl, B., & Cao, D. (2018) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.35.000b19 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Chellappa, S. L., Steiner, R., Oelhafen, P., & Cajochen, C. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-13973-1 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
The influence of light on thermal responses
te Kulve, M., Schellen, L., Schlangen, L. J. M., & van Marken Lichtenbelt, W. D. (2016) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/apha.12552 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“Via this photoentrainment, light indirectly influences behaviour, sleep, cognition, seasonal affective disorders, melatonin production, cortisol production and core body temperature (CBT) (Lucas et al. 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialGrønli, J., Byrkjedal, I. K., Bjorvatn, B., Nødtvedt, Ø., Hamre, B., & Pallesen, S. (2016) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2016.02.006 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“This is also true at luminance level when measured in photopic lux [31].”
BackgroundImplementing non-image-forming effects of light in the built environment: A review on what we need
Khademagha, P. P., Aries, M. M., Rosemann, A. L. P., & van Loenen, E. J. (2016) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.08.035 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“[2] can prevent this problem by measuring and calculating corneal effective irradiance with respect to rods, cones, and the ipRGC photoreceptors separately.”
BackgroundCao, D., Nicandro, N., & Barrionuevo, P. A. (2015) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/15.1.27 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Metabolic Implications of Exposure to Light at Night: Lessons from Animal and Human Studies
Fleury, G., Masís‐vargas, A., & Kalsbeek, A. (2020) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22807 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“Additionally, research aiming to study the different effects of light should report the spectral sensitivity within each retinal photopigment complement (98), as it facilitates comparisons among studies and because the importance of non-ipRGCs photoreceptors in circadian entrainment has recently been re-established by…”
BackgroundEffect of Light and Melatonin and Other Melatonin Receptor Agonists on Human Circadian Physiology
Emens, J. S., & Burgess, H. J. (2015) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2015.08.001 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“Most typically, light intensity is reported in units of lux, although this unit does not adequately reflect the wavelength sensitivities of the primary circadian photoreceptor, the ipRGCs.(62) Nonetheless, as a guide, very bright light, such as that experienced outside during a sunny cloudless day, can be as high as 1…”
Gringras, P., Middleton, B., Skene, D. J., & Revell, V. L. (2015) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2015.00233 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“(16), the way we have done in the present manuscript.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAdvantages of III‐nitride laser diodes in solid‐state lighting
Wierer, J. J., & Tsao, J. Y. (2015) · physica status solidi (a) · doi:10.1002/pssa.201431700 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Shared and Differential Retinal Responses against Optic Nerve Injury and Ocular Hypertension
Vidal‐Sanz, M., Galindo‐Romero, C., Valiente‐Soriano, F. J., Nadal-Nicolás, F. M., Ortín-Martínez, A., Rovere, G., Salinas‐Navarro, M., Lucas‐Ruiz, F., Sánchez-Migallón, M. C., Sobrado‐Calvo, P., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00235 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
How to measure light pollution—A systematic review of methods and applications
Mander, S., Alam, F., Lovreglio, R., & Ooi, M. P. (2023) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2023.104465 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Souman, J. L., Borra, T., de Goijer, I., Schlangen, L. J. M., Vlaskamp, B. N. S., & Lucassen, M. P. (2018) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730418784041 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
A Population Representation of Absolute Light Intensity in the Mammalian Retina
Milner, E. S., & Do, M. T. H. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.09.005 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“Tracking irradiance therefore provides a survival advantage, and mammals do so in order to control functions that are as diverse as sleep regulation, hormonal adjustment, neuromodulation, and pupillary constriction (Lucas et al., 2014).”
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“The important question of which photoreceptor(s) play significant roles in defining response amplitude under real-world light exposure scenarios, however, remains largely unanswered [1].”
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Spitschan, M., & Woelders, T. (2018) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00941 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“For melanopsin, there is currently no standard(ised) spectral sensitivity, though by using a template (also called nomogram) centered at 480 nm and assuming a low peak optical density, such a spectral sensitivity can easily be derived (33, 34).”
BackgroundLighting in the Home and Health: A Systematic Review
Osibona, O., Solomon, B. D., & Fecht, D. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18020609 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“Melanopsin, a photoreceptor in the eye, responds to rich blue light and signals the suppression of melatonin [74].”
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“Ferlazzo), laura.piccardi@ iroma1.it (C. Burattini), amaria.giannini@uniroma1.it ). max maximally sensitive to wavelengths around 535 nm, L cones have the erythrolabe, sensitive to long wavelengths (lmax z 565 nm), and rod opsin has a maximum sensitivity around to 500 nm (e.g., Lucas et al., 2014).”
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- Authors
- Lucas, R. J., Peirson, S. N., Berson, D. M., Brown, T. M., Cooper, H. M., Czeisler, C. A., Figueiro, M. G., Gamlin, P. D., Lockley, S. W., O’Hagan, J. B., Price, L. L. A., Provencio, I., Skene, D. J., & Brainard, G. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Brown University (US)
- Inserm (FR)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (US)
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- Public Health England (GB)
- University of Virginia (US)
- University of Surrey (GB)
- Thomas Jefferson University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lucas, Robert J.
- Brainard, George C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Trends in Neurosciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-01
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-9
- ISSN
- 0166-2236 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4699304
- OpenAlex
- W2106496774
- Cited by
- 1,278
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 118 · 2025: 119 · 2024: 110 · 2023: 108 · 2022: 108 · 2021: 119 · 2020: 115 · 2019: 136 · 2018: 107 · 2017: 90 · 2016: 68 · 2015: 58 · 2014: 20 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 5.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Trends in Neurosciences (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The Medicine Forum (submittedVersion)
- Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/I021086/1, BB/I007296/1, BB/K002252/1, BB/I017836/1)
- National Eye Institute (R01EY012793, R01EY017137)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Impact of Light on Environment and Health
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Light effects on plants
- Keywords
- melanopsin, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, non-visual photoreception, circadian regulation, phototherapy, light measurement, artificial lighting design, circadian rhythm disruption, mood disorders, sleep disorders
- MeSH terms
- Melanopsin, Animals, Circadian Rhythm, Humans, Photoreceptor Cells, Phototherapy, Retinal Ganglion Cells, Rod Opsins
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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