Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder risk post-COVID-19 in 12 countries in Latin America: a cross-sectional survey
Open accessAbstract
Introduction: Latin America was the region most affected by COVID-19 in the second quarter of 2020, and consequently, the impact on mental health requires evaluation. The aim of this study was to assess the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) caused by bereavement due to COVID-19 in 12 countries in Latin America. Methods: The current study was an analytical cross-sectional study. Validated tests were applied for PTSD, depression, anxiety, and stress (DASS-21), questions about the respondent’s condition or their environment, and demographic questions, as well as the length of the mourning period of suffering. Results: The outcomes demonstrated that the PTSD risk increased for women (p < 0.001), when a friend or acquaintance had COVID-19 (p = 0.002), when a close relative died from COVID-19 (p = 0.010), having severe depression (p <0.001), severe anxiety (p <0.001), severe stress (p <0.001), residing in Chile (p <0.001), Paraguay (p <0.001), Bolivia (p <0.001), Costa Rica (p <0.001) or El Salvador (p = 0.005). On the other hand, there was less risk of PTSD at an older age (p <0.001) or if respondents had a sentimental partner (p = 0.025). In the case of severe PTSD, there was a greater gender risk for women (p <0.001), a close relative dying from COVID-19 (p = 0.017), having severe depression (p <0.001), severe anxiety (p <0.001), severe stress (p <0.001), residing in Chile (p <0.001), Paraguay (p <0.001), Bolivia (p <0.001) and Costa Rica (p = 0.002). It was also observed that there was less risk of severe PTSD at an older age demographic (p <0.001). Discussion: It can be concluded that the percentages of PTSD are high in its clinical presentation as severe, especially among Latin American women.
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Years after the pandemic began, its effects persisted in certain Latin American countries, with high prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder particularly among women.
“Years after the beginning of the pandemic, its effects have persisted in certain Latin American countries, showing a high prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder, particularly among women [12].”
From Mental Health in Healthcare Workers Post-COVID-19: A Latin American Review and Insights into Personalized Management Strategies (2024) · cites this paper as [12]
The Conclusion reports high prevalence of severe PTSD risk across 12 Latin American countries, particularly among women. But the Study design says the survey was conducted in June–August 2021, and the Discussion describes it as measuring effects early in the pandemic; it does not establish that those effects persisted years later. The paper measures PTSD risk, not confirmed PTSD diagnoses. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAmong 131 psychologists working in Brazilian hospitals, nearly half reported experiencing symptoms of significant psychological distress since the onset of the pandemic.
“A descriptive exploratory study conducted among 131 psychologists working in hospitals in Brazil revealed a widespread impact on work among almost all participants. It highlighted the necessity for professional preparation to adapt to this new scenario and perceived lack of institutional support, and nearly half of the studied population reported experiencing symptoms of significant psychological”
From Mental Health in Healthcare Workers Post-COVID-19: A Latin American Review and Insights into Personalized Management Strategies (2024) · cites this paper as [12]
The Introduction discusses PTSD risk among healthcare workers, and the Discussion reports PTSD frequencies in a Latin American survey; neither reports a study of 131 hospital psychologists in Brazil. Searches for “131,” Brazilian hospital psychologists, and the claimed psychological-distress finding found no passage addressing that specific result. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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Forrester, A., Aboaja, A. M., Beigel, L., Mundt, A. P., Arroyo, G. R., & Torales, J. C. (2023) · Medicine Science and the Law · doi:10.1177/00258024221149932 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
COVID-19 pandemic: a European perspective on health economic policies
Alifano, M., Attanasi, G., Iannelli, F., Chérikh, F., & Iannelli, A. (2020) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Estrés postraumático en trabajadores de salud expuestos a COVID-19
Iglesias, S. (2020) · Archivos de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales · doi:10.12961/aprl.2020.23.03.06 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Shaff, J., O’Keefe, V. M., Atkin, A. L., Wang, X., & Wilcox, H. C. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.11.035 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
de Miranda, K. G., da Silva, I. C. R., Fonseca, R. M. A. M., & Gallassi, A. D. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-073472 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
COVID-19 on Pregnancy Outcomes, Mental Health and Placenta: Focus in Latin America
González, M., Castro, P. A., Vergara-Barra, P., Huerta, P., & Escudero, C. (2023) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-32554-0_12 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Estrés y ansiedad como respuestas a la cuarentena en época de coronavirus
Díaz, H. Q., & Lesmes, L. L. (2020) · Revista Neuronum · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 91 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Muñoz-Ortega, S., Santamaría-Guayaquil, D., Pluas-Borja, J., Alvarado-Villa, G., Sandoval, V., Alvarado, R., Cherrez-Ojeda, I., & Faytong-Haro, M. (2024) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm14070680 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“It highlighted the necessity for professional preparation to adapt to this new scenario and perceived lack of institutional support, and nearly half of the studied population reported experiencing symptoms of significant psychological distress since the onset of the pandemic [12,17].”
BackgroundKomarevtseva, I. O., Kazakov, V. Y., Вербицький, Є. Ю., Chernykh, Y. A., Balabanova, K. V., Komarevtsev, V. N., & Cherednichenko, R. V. (2024) · World of Medicine and Biology · doi:10.26724/2079-8334-2024-1-87-84-89 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Abdalla, S. M., Voss, R. E., Pickerel, M., Rosenberg, S. B., Rasool, A., Abba‐Aji, M., Ettman, C. K., & Galea, S. (2025) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2025.100521 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mejia, C. R., Cardenas-Carreño, A. F., Cajahuanca-Colachagua, P., Arias-Chávez, D., Serna-Alarcón, V., Vilela-Estrada, M. A., Requena-Pastorelli, T., Zambrano, L. I., Ramos, H. N. C., & Espinoza-Turcios, E. (2026) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2026.102517
Self-citationDíaz, A. G., & Álvarez-García, H. B. (2026) · Clínica Contemporánea · doi:10.5093/cc2026a10
- Authors
- Mejia, C. R., Serna-Alarcón, V., Vilela-Estrada, M. A., Armada, J., Ubillus, M., Beraún-Barrantes, J., Álvarez-Risco, A., Del-Aguila-Arcentales, S., Davies, N. M., & Yáñez, J. A.
- Affiliations
- Universidad de Huánuco (PE)
- Antenor Orrego Private University (PE)
- Universidad Tecnológica del Perú (PE)
- Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola (PE)
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Peruvian University of Applied Sciences (PE)
- Corresponding author
- Álvarez-Risco, Aldo
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Public Health
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2024-01-08
- Volume
- 11
- Pages
- 1302694-1302694
- ISSN
- 2296-2565 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10804613
- OpenAlex
- W4390665362
- Cited by
- 5
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2
- FWCI
- 2.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, COVID-19 pandemic, bereavement, grief, loss of a loved one, depression, anxiety, stress, gender differences, Latin America, risk factors, DASS-21
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Latin America, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Prevalence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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