Therapists make the switch to telepsychology to safely continue treating their patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. Virtual reality telepsychology may be next
Open accessAbstract
Before COVID-19, most therapists had concerns about telepsychology, and only treated patients in person. During the COVID-19 lockdown, patients still needed therapy, but in-person therapy sessions became unsafe. The current study measured how many therapists are using online therapy before vs. during COVID-19, how much training they have received, and their knowledge about legal restrictions on using telepsychology. A sample of 768 U.S.A. mental health professionals completed a 29-item online survey. Results show that before COVID-19, most therapists only saw their patients in person (e.g., at the therapists office), but during the COVID-19 pandemic, nearly all therapists used a wide range of telecommunication technologies to communicate with their quarantined patients, including texting, telephones, video conferences, and even virtual reality. According to within-subject related samples comparisons, 39% of survey respondents used telepsychology before COVID-19, vs. 98% during COVID-19 (χ2 = 450.02, p < 0.001). Therapists reported high treatment effectiveness using telepsychology (7.45 on 0–10 scale). However, overall, on a 0–10 scale, therapists reported a significant increase in feeling burned out during the COVID-19 pandemic, Mean = 3.93 (SD = 1.93) before vs. 6.22 (SD = 2.27) during the pandemic (Z = −18.57, p < 0.001). Although the APA ethics guidelines encourage therapists to use telepsychology with their patients during the crisis, gaps in respondents' knowledge identify a need for increased specialized training and education. Although the current study showed that virtual reality is rarely used by the therapists surveyed, virtual reality is a promising new telepsychology technology. Billions of dollars are currently being invested in mass producing immersive virtual reality systems. In the future, as networked immersive Virtual Reality becomes more widely available, therapists and patients in physically different locations will be able to “meet” in a shared computer-generated world designed for therapy sessions, potentially including group sessions. Telepsychology and virtual reality have the potential to be increasingly valuable tools to help therapists mitigate the consequences of COVID-19. Research, development and training is recommended.
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Around 50% of mental health professionals expressed concerns about their ability to handle emergency situations in a telemental health setting.
“Sampaio et al. argued that around 50% of mental health professionals expressed concerns about their ability to handle emergency situations in a telemental health setting (23), which is of special interest for our research because the population investigated herein were “at risk” patients (self-harm, suicidality).”
From Radical Acceptance of Reality: Putting DBT®-A Skill Groups Online During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study (2022) · cites this paper as [23]
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A Buprenorphine Program Evaluation Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic
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COVID-19’la ilişkili psikoloji alanyazınına ilişkin bibliyometrik bir analiz
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Resistances to online group analysis – Is there anything new under the sun?
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KSAO based Competency Model for an Effective Practice of Tele-Counseling in Pakistan
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Psychological Science Into Practice During the COVID-19 Pandemic
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Saúde mental nas pandemias e catástrofes
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E-therapy during a pandemic in Poland and worldwide - a temporary trend or a new reality?
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Mix Reality in Reducing Operational Anxiety
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Ethical issues raised in using online tele-mental health (OTH): a review of studies
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Service Utilisation of an Innovative Mental Health Counselling Clinic
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Students’ Experiences Conducting Telehealth Counseling During a Pandemic
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Inclusion Through E-Learning in Karachi
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- Authors
- Sampaio, M., Navarro Haro, M. V., De Sousa, B., Vieira Melo, W., & Hoffman, H. G.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa (PT)
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hoffman, Hunter G.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Virtual Reality
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2021-01-15
- Volume
- 1
- ISSN
- 2673-4192 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7880047
- OpenAlex
- W3122779837
- Cited by
- 104
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 12 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 16.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Virtual Reality (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zaguan (University of Zaragoza Repository) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- MAYDAY Fund
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Dental Research and COVID-19
- Keywords
- telepsychology, COVID-19 pandemic, virtual reality therapy, online therapy, therapist training, therapist burnout, videoconferencing, mental health professionals, treatment effectiveness
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