The Use of Virtual Reality to Facilitate Mindfulness Skills Training in Dialectical Behavioral Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder: A Case Study
Open accessAbstract
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a severe mental disorder characterized by a dysfunctional pattern of affective instability, impulsivity, and disturbed interpersonal relationships. Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT®) is the most effective treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder, but demand for DBT® far exceeds existing clinical resources. Most patients with BPD never receive DBT®. Incorporating computer technology into the DBT® could help increase dissemination. Immersive Virtual Reality technology (VR) is becoming widely available to mainstream consumers. This case study explored the feasibility/clinical potential of using immersive virtual reality technology to enhance DBT® mindfulness skills training of a 32 year old female diagnosed with BPD. Prior to using VR, the patient experienced difficulty practicing DBT® mindfulness due to her emotional reactivity, and difficulty concentrating. To help the patient focus her attention, and to facilitate DBT® mindfulness skills learning, the patient looked into virtual reality goggles, and had the illusion of slowly "floating down" a 3D computer-generated river while listening to DBT® mindfulness training audios. Urges to commit suicide, urges to self harm, urges to quit therapy, urges to use substances, and negative emotions were all reduced after each VR mindfulness session and VR mindfulness was well accepted/liked by the patient. Although case studies are scientifically inconclusive by nature, results from this feasibility study were encouraging. Future controlled studies are needed to quantify whether VR-enhanced mindfulness training has long term benefits e.g., increasing patient acceptance and/or improving therapeutic outcome. Computerizing some of the DBT® skills treatment modules would reduce cost and increase dissemination.
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VR has potential to increase computerized dissemination of DBT skills training modules.
“VR is a technology with potential to increase computerized dissemination of DBT® skills training modules.”
Because VR is unusually attention grabbing and blocks patients' view of distracting real-world information, VR DBT mindfulness skills training may prove especially valuable for teaching mindfulness skills to clinical patients.
“Because virtual reality is unusually attention grabbing, and blocks patients view of distracting information in the real world environment, VR DBT® mindfulness skills training may prove especially valuable for teaching mindfulness skills to clinical patients [27].”
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BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Linehan M. M. (2015). DBT® Skills Training Manual, 2nd Edn. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
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“35,40], Mindfulness River World [41,42], or VR Animal Rescue World [43].”
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“Preliminary studies demonstrate it is feasible and acceptable to use VR to practice mindfulness, and even suggest that VR may prove valuable for teaching mindfulness skills to individuals.(15,16) Furthermore, preliminary evidence supports virtual reality as a potentially effective tool for reducing chronic pain and st…”
BackgroundMood Worlds: A Virtual Environment for Autonomous Emotional Expression
Wagener, N., Niess, J., Rogers, Y., & Schöning, J. (2022) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3501861 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Furthermore, previous work in VR explores the potential of VEs in a variety of different areas in the context of well-being such as mindfulness training [45, 51], stress reduction support [75, 79, 88], VR as positive technology [6, 38], role-play and embodiment for positive change [29], VEs for different forms of jour…”
BackgroundDesign Considerations for Supporting Mindfulness in Virtual Reality
Kelly, R., Seabrook, E., Foley, F., Thomas, N., Nedeljkovic, M., & Wadley, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2021.672556 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“One of the studies also found that the participant tried to adopt the techniques she had learnt in VR to her everyday experiences, suggesting that skills acquired in VR can be taken over into the real world (Navarro-Haro et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialvan Leeuwen, H., Sinnaeve, R., Witteveen, U., Daele, T. V., Ossewaarde, L., Egger, J. I. M., & van den Bosch, L. M. C. (2021) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-021-00165-7 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“[82] evaluated the virtual reality Dialectical Behavior Therapy (VR DBT) mindfulness skills training in a pre-post study with patients with a GAD.”
BackgroundElor, A., Lessard, S., Teodorescu, M., & Kurniawan, S. (2019) · IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR) · doi:10.1109/vr.2019.8798014 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“The immersive visual capabilities of modern VR headsets, such as the HTC Vive and Oculus Rift, have had astounding promise and success with treatments ranging from exposure in Post Traumatic Stress Disorder [34, 28], Borderline Personality Disorder [31], various phobias [39, 14, 7], schizophrenia [35], and many other…”
BackgroundExploring the Use of Virtual Reality for the Delivery and Practice of Stress-Management Exercises
Soh, D. J. H., Ong, C. H., Fan, Q., Seah, D., Henderson, S., Jeevanandam, L., & Doshi, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.640341 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The Influence of Avatar Embodiment on Time Perception - Towards VR for Time-Based Therapy
Unruh, F., Landeck, M., Oberdörfer, S., Lugrin, J.-L., & Latoschik, M. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2021.658509 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Wieczorek, A., Schrank, F., Renner, K., & Wagner, M. O. (2024) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076241272604 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“…variables could be found: anxiety, 69 – 76 mindfulness, 74,77 – 81 various emotions or emotional states like anger, happiness or vigor, 70,74,79,80,82,83 different disease patterns like depression or posttraumatic disorder, 70,72,74,75,83,84 affect, 84 – 86 stress and distress respectively,…”
BackgroundInfluentialBenchimol-Elkaim, B., Khoury, B., & Tsimicalis, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2024.1334221 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Chen, X., Wang, D., Zhou, L. D., Winkler, M. H., Paul, P., Sui, N., & Li, Y. H. (2018) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2018.04.006 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Mitsea, E., Drigas, A. S., & Skianis, C. (2022) · Technium Social Sciences Journal · doi:10.47577/tssj.v35i1.7275 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Mitsea, E., Drigas, A. S., & Skianis, C. A. (2023) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint4040031 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
MoodShaper: A Virtual Reality Experience to Support Managing Negative Emotions
Wagener, N., Kiesewetter, A., Reicherts, L., Woźniak, P. W., Schöning, J., Rogers, Y., & Niess, J. (2024) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3643834.3661570 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Mental health professionals’ attitudes towards virtual reality therapies: a systematic review
Bin, S., Alrashdi, D. H., Whitehead, T., Riches, S., & Drini, E. (2025) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-025-00499-x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Furthermore, VR therapies have also been effective and applicable across diverse populations, including children and adolescents with ASD, and borderline personality disorder (Mesa-Gresa et al., 2018; Nararro-Haro et al., 2016).”
Probst, T., Decker, V., Kießling, E., Meyer, S., Bofinger, C., Niklewski, G., Mühlberger, A., & Pieh, C. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00152 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Future studies could investigate whether this already relatively high percentage can be further increased when barriers to successful skill use (see [28]) are addressed for example by CD-ROM-based programs [29], mobile applications [30], or virtual reality scenarios [31, 32].”
BackgroundSadowski, I., & Khoury, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2022.892905 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Virtual Reality as e-Mental Health to Support Starting with Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
Damen, K. H. B., & van der Spek, E. D. (2018) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-99426-0_24 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“VR mindfulness stress reduction exercises can reduce perceived pain for chronic patients [8], elicit deeper relaxation [11], reduce state anxiety in children [15], reduce urges of self-harm [12], and reduce the amount of complicated grief in grieving patients [2].”
XR-Based Mindfulness and Art Therapy: Facing the Psychological Impact of Covid-19 Emergency
Gatto, C., D’Errico, G., Nuccetelli, F., Luca, V. D., Paladini, G. I., & Paolis, L. T. D. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-58468-9_11 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Lee, B. M., Kim, S., Lee, B. J., Won, S., Park, Y.-H., Kang, C. Y., Li, L., Rami, F. Z., & Chung, Y. (2023) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-023-00391-8 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Vona, F., Silleresi, S., Beccaluva, E. A., & Garzotto, F. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-61814-8_4 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Mindfulness for Anxiety Management and Happiness: The Role of VR, Metacognition, and Hormones
Mitsea, E., Drigas, A. S., & Skianis, C. (2022) · Technium BioChemMed · doi:10.47577/biochemmed.v3i3.7343 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“In a case study, Nararro-Haro et al. (2016) explored the effectiveness of a VR mindfulness intervention in a 32-year-old female diagnosed with borderline personality disorder, a disease characterized by emotional fragility, aggression, and problematic interpersonal connections.”
BackgroundCrosswell, L. H., & Yun, G. W. (2020) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2020.1838609 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Pedersen, G., & Koumaditis, K. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49698-2_10 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Wagener, N., Duong, T. D., Schöning, J., Rogers, Y., & Niess, J. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85610-6_16 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Thunström, A. O., Vuković, I. S., Ali, L., Larson, T., & Steingrímsson, S. (2021) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2021.2003859 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Case studies and clinical trials with ‘difficult to treat’ patients have shown that VR has been useful in increasing efficacy for adhering to treatments [13], however several studies lack follow-ups and replications.”
BackgroundThe Applicability of Virtual Reality-Based Training for Controlling Anger in Aggressive Individuals
Jo, H.-J., Jung, Y.-H., Hong, Y.-J., Shin, Y., Baek, K.-D., Kim, E. J., & Kim, J. (2022) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2021.0193 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“45 Particularly, visual guidance to show the change of the body during respiration and relaxation appears to improve the effectiveness of our VR-based Mindfulness Training program.”
A Systematic Review of Literature on Emerging Technologies and Specific Learning Difficulties
Lozano-Álvarez, M., Cano, S. R., Benito, V. D., & Val, E. M. (2023) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci13030298 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Sampaio, M., Haro, M. V. N., Wilks, C. R., de Sousa, B. C., García‐Palacios, A., & Hoffman, H. G. (2021) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2021.0124 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“…in therapists’ self-ratings of burnout during COVID-19, suggesting that Spanish-speaking therapists could benefit from additional training on their own stress coping skills during a crisis (e.g., practicing mindfulness while in a computer-generated virtual world, 13–16, 25, 26 and a number of”
Self-citationVirtual reality for clinical evaluation and treatment in schizophrenia: a systematic review
Gillouin, P.-A., Mattatia, D., & Bouvet, C. (2023) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522439.2023.2197030 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“It was also used with addictive disorders (Ghiţă & Gutiérrez-Maldonado, 2018), personality disorders (Nararro-Haro et al., 2016), eating disorders (Manzoni et al., 2016; Wiederhold et al., 2016), self-criticism (Falconer et al., 2014), and persecutory delusions (Freeman et al., 2016).”
MethodModrego‐Alarcón, M., Morillo, H., Campos, D., Navarro-Gil, M. T., Montero‐Marín, J., Monreal‐Bartolomé, A., García‐Campayo, J., & del Hoyo, Y. L. (2023) · Journal of Computing in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s12528-023-09393-y · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“…benefits are related to the acceptability of using this technological system for the mindfulness practice (Flores et al., 2018, Gómez et al., 2017; Navarro-Haro et al., 2016, 2017a, 2017b), improvement in the adherence to MBPs (Modrego-Alarcón et al., 2021; Navarro-Haro et al., 2019), significant…”
Immersive Virtual Reality: A Safe, Scalable, Non-opioid Analgesic for Military and Veteran Patients
Peterson, B. N., Hitching, R., Howard, L., Zhu, K., Fontenot, M. R., Alhalabi, W., Seibel, A., Harris, O. A., Madrigal, E., Adamson, M. M., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2021.742290 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, M., Miller, C., Crompton, H., Pan, Z., & Glaser, N. J. (2023) · TechTrends · doi:10.1007/s11528-023-00917-y · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Reflecting on Emotions within VR Mood Worlds
Wagener, N., & Niess, J. (2021) · ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp) · doi:10.1145/3460418.3479342 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“mindfulness [27], stress reduction [40, 45], visual lifelogging [12], or to recreate mem-”
BackgroundShankar, R., Bundele, A., & Mukhopadhyay, A. (2025) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/68231 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“For example, Nararro-Haro et al [14] conducted a randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing a VR-based mindfulness intervention to a traditional mindfulness intervention in a sample of healthy adults.”
Virtual Reality Applications for the Treatment of Anxiety and Mental Disorders
Safikhani, S., Pirker, J., & Wriessnegger, S. C. (2021) · International Conference of the Immersive Learning Research Network (iLRN) · doi:10.23919/ilrn52045.2021.9459356 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Entwicklung von Smart Service-Leistungen mit Einsatz neuer Technologien
van Husen, C., & Razek, A. R. A. (2021) · Forum Dienstleistungsmanagement · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-34324-8_9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Scherpbier, I. C. A., Abrahamse, M. E., Belleman, R. G., Popma, A., & Lindauer, R. (2022) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/34120 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“A study on the development of mindfulness skills for borderline personality disorder has shown that practicing mindfulness within a virtual environment creates the opportunity to generalize the skills to the natural context outside of therapy [37].”
BackgroundGardini, V., Gamberini, G., Müller, S., Grandi, S., & Tomba, E. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11216463 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“44%) articles were multiple or single case studies including between one and eight participants [41,42,57,61,65,73,74].”
BackgroundInfluentialInchausti, F., Prado-Abril, J., Sánchez-Reales, S., Vilagrà-Ruiz, R., & Fonseca‐Pedrero, E. (2018) · Ansiedad y Estrés · doi:10.1016/j.anyes.2018.05.002 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…en el campo general de los TP y del TPE en particular, en consonancia con el panorama internacional, se caracteriza por un escaso desarrollo más allá de lo relativo al trastorno límite de la personalidad (TLP) (Martin-Blanco et al., 2017; Nararro-Haro et al., 2016; Pascual et al., 2015).”
BackgroundEsumi, R., Yokochi, A., Shimaoka, M., & Kawamoto, E. (2020) · Journal of Medical Case Reports · doi:10.1186/s13256-020-02370-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Amianto, F., Arletti, L., Baietto, C., Davico, C., Migliaretti, G., & Vitiello, B. (2021) · European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01794-7 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
A Qualitative Study of Virtual Reality and Mindfulness for Substance Use Disorders
Holley, R., Moldow, E., Chaudhary, S., Gaumond, G., Hacker, R. L., Kahn, P., Boeldt, D. L., & Hubley, S. H. (2022) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-022-00284-0 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Technological Interventions for Emotion Regulation
Fernández‐Álvarez, J., Díaz‐García, A., Colombo, D., Botella, C., Cipresso, P., & Riva, G. (2020) · Comprehensive Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00033-9 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The Overview Effect and Well-Being
Nezami, A., Persaud, L., & White, F. (2021) · Expanding Worldviews: Astrobiology, Big History and Cosmic Perspectives · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-70482-7_10 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A Proposal of Model of Emotional Regulation in Intelligent Learning Environments
Reis, H. M., Alvares, D., Jaques, P. A., & Isotani, S. (2021) · Informatics in Education · doi:10.15388/infedu.2021.15 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“In the case of virtual reality, Nararro-Haro et al. (2016)’s study consisted in using the strategy of cognitive reappraisal by means of a mindfulness technique showing images with landscapes, in which it took the student to a state of relaxation.”
MethodXu, Q., Gu, Y., & Hu, X. (2025) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-025-09718-w · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Such immersive experiences may lower the cognitive effort required for beginners to sustain focus, thereby optimizing mindfulness acquisition (Nararro-Haro et al., 2016 ).”
Pozitív technológia – Hogyan segíthetik az új technológiák a teljes emberi működést?
Szondy, M. (2019) · Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle · doi:10.1556/0016.2019.74.3.9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Thompson, A. H. (2021) · doi:10.25148/etd.fidc009550 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Increasing Meditation Efficiency with Virtual Reality
Škola, F., & Liarokapis, F. (2024) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3613905.3651003 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Often, the VR mindfulness interventions have therapeutic aims directed towards specific outcomes [27], such as reducing anxiety [32, 69, 112], stress [19, 32, 64], pain [10, 48, 52], increasing concentration [95], or attempting to increase overall positive affect [46, 82, 84].”
REALIDADE VIRTUAL NA PRÁTICA DE MINDFULNESS EM PSICOTERAPIA: UMA REVISÃO NARRATIVA
de Paula, D. M. B., & Fernández, L. M. (2021) · Psicologia em Estudo · doi:10.4025/psicolestud.v26i0.46410 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…que discutem adaptações de mindfulness com RV em intervenções psicoterapêuticas específicas cobrem: mindfulness na terapia dialética-comportamental (Navarro-Haro et al., 2016, 2017; Gomez et al., 2017); combinação de exposição com RV (VRET) e MF para prevenção de recaídas em adições (Chen et al.,…”
„Ich laparoskopier’ dann woanders weiter“
Huber, T., Paschold, M., Hansen, C., Lang, H., & Kneist, W. (2017) · Der Chirurg · doi:10.1007/s00104-017-0465-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Olarza, A., Aritzeta, A., Soroa, G., Ruiz, A. A., & Mindeguia, R. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4545628/v1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Reis, H. M., Alvares, D., Jaques, P. A., & Isotani, S. (2021) · Revista Brasileira de Informática na Educação · doi:10.5753/rbie.2021.29.0.48 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Na interação por realidade virtual, o estudo de Nararro-Haro et al. (2016) consistiu em usar a estratégia de reavaliação cognitiva por meio da técnica de mindfulness4 mostrando imagens com paisagens, na qual levava o estudante a um estado de relaxamento.”
BackgroundMindfulness, Virtual Reality, and Video Games
Kosa, M., & Uysal, A. (2017) · Encyclopedia of Computer Graphics and Games · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08234-9_164-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Fostering Interactive Mindfulness Experiences in VR
Chirico, A., Palombi, T., Varni, G., Niewiadomski, R., Li, Y., Lucidi, F., & Mancini, M. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-71704-8_15 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
[DC] Fostering Well-Being with Virtual Reality Applications
Wagener, N. (2023) · IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW) · doi:10.1109/vrw58643.2023.00325 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Virtual Reality for Social-Emotional Learning: A Review
Hamzah, I., Salwana, E., Billinghurst, M., Baghaei, N., Ahmad, M. N., Rosdi, F., & Arsad, A. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-7339-2_11 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Digital Interventions for Nonsuicidal Self-Injury
Kruzan, K. P., & Whitlock, J. L. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197611272.013.50 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Reis, H. M. (2020) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.55.2020.tde-07012020-095959 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Virtual Reality Therapy for the Enhancement of Traditional Therapies for post-natal depression
Stamou, G. (2021) · doi:10.6035/14109.2021.683002 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Psychotherapeutic components of commercially available virtual reality games (Preprint)Preprint
Thunström, A. O., Vuković, I. S., Ali, L., Larson, T., & Steingrímsson, S. (2020) · doi:10.2196/preprints.21928
Using Art to Undermine Epistemic Injustice in DBT Research
Bailey, B., & Tracey, M. W. (2022) · ENGAGE! · doi:10.18060/26050
Singh, A., Kaur, H., & Singh, S. (2023) · Asian Research Journal of Arts & Social Sciences · doi:10.9734/arjass/2023/v19i1418
Mindfulness, Virtual Reality, and Video Games
Kosa, M., & Uysal, A. (2024) · Encyclopedia of Computer Graphics and Games · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-23161-2_164
Virtual Reality: A New Tool for Anxiolysis, Distraction, and Analgesia
Mason, K. P., & Hoffman, H. G. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-68468-5_44
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Virtual-Reality-Interventionen für Jugendliche mit Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung
Ulmer, T., Baldauf, M., Kupferschmid, S., Pfannerstill, F., Probst, T., Schlee, W., & Staehelin, D. (2026) · Edition HMD · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-51795-3_23
Fjaestad, S. L., Macaulay, R., Williams, K. J. H., & Johnson, K. A. (2026) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2026.103232
- Authors
- Nararro-Haro, M. V., Hoffman, H. G., Garcia-Palacios, A., Sampaio, M., Alhalabi, W., Hall, K., & Linehan, M.
- Affiliations
- Effat University (SA)
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hoffman, Hunter G.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2016-11-02
- Volume
- 7
- Pages
- 1573-1573
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5089996
- OpenAlex
- W2546061328
- Cited by
- 98
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 9.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Zaguan (Universidad de Zaragoza) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Repositori UJI (Universitat Jaume I) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Effat University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- borderline personality disorder, dialectical behavior therapy, immersive virtual reality, treatment dissemination, emotional reactivity, attentional focus, patient acceptance
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