Properties of Biochar Obtained from Tropical Crop Wastes Under Different Pyrolysis Temperatures and Its Application on Acidic Soil
Open accessAbstract
When biochars are produced, feedstock is a crucial factor that determines their physicochemical properties. However, the characteristics of tropical crop waste-derived biochar have not been described and limit its availability. In this study, pineapple leaf (PAL), banana stem (BAS), sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and horticultural substrate (HCS), were used to prepare biochar at 300, 500 and 700 °C. Properties of biochars and their applications were analysed. The results indicated that hydrophobicity, nonpolarity and aromaticity of SCB biochar (SCBB) were higher than other biochars due to the loss of H (hydrogen), O (oxygen), and N (nitrogen). The pH of PAL biochar (PALB) and BAS biochar (BASB) ranged from 9.69 to 10.30 higher than that of SCBB and HCS biochar (HCSB) with 7.17–9.77. In PALB and BASB, sylvite was the dominant crystal structure. With temperature rising, C–H stretching, C=C stretching and H–O in alcohol groups decreased, and Si–O stretching in HCSB and SCBB strengthened. Biochars obtained at 500 °C, especially SCBB and HCSB, significantly promoted the growth of maize. The PALB and BASB greatly increased the soil pH/EC to 6.90–7.35 and 0.67–0.95 ms/cm, while those of SCBB and HCSB were 5.97–6.74 and 0.23–0.45 ms/cm. The application of the biochars to the soil increased soil pH, reducing the acidic soil stress in maize growth, especially PAL and BAS biochars prepared at 300 °C. Biochar prepared at lower temperature will greatly reduce energy consumption and increase the utilization efficiency of tropical agricultural waste resources.
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PHT at 600 °C for 30 min (HTB800) induced a second phase of dehydration, dehydrogenation, and deoxygenation, further concentrating aromatic carbon and reducing chemical instability.
“Further, PHT at 600 • C for 30 min (HTB800) induced a second phase of dehydration, dehydrogenation, and deoxygenation, further concentrating aromatic carbon and reducing chemical instability [73][74][75][76][77].”
From Pilot-Scale Slow Pyrolysis, Post-Heat Treatment, and Self-Heating Performance of Biochar Fuels Derived from Construction, Renovation, and Demolition (CRD) Wood Waste (2026) · cites this paper as [76]
Section 3.4 reports that higher pyrolysis temperatures reduced hydrogen- and oxygen-containing functional groups through dehydration and deoxygenation. But Section 2.2 describes treatment at 300, 500, or 700 °C for two hours, not HTB800 treated at 600 °C for 30 minutes. The copy does not establish a second reaction phase or reduced chemical instability for that treatment. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHTB800 had an elevated pH of 9.3.
“The elevated pH of 9.3 reflects progressive loss of acidic surface functionalities, while the HHV of 31.49MJ/kg and surface area gain to 202.09 m 2 /g (+7.3%) reinforce suitability for energy and metallurgical applications [74][75][76][77].”
From Pilot-Scale Slow Pyrolysis, Post-Heat Treatment, and Self-Heating Performance of Biochar Fuels Derived from Construction, Renovation, and Demolition (CRD) Wood Waste (2026) · cites this paper as [76]
Section 2.2 says the paper prepared biochar at 300, 500, and 700 °C, not 800 °C. Section 3.1 and Table 1 report pH values for those samples, but do not identify HTB800 or give it a pH of 9.3 (searched: HTB800 pH 9.3; 800 °C biochar 9.3 pH). (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHTB800 had a fixed carbon content of 76.33%.
“The resulting FC of 76.33% aligns with woody biomass-derived biochars, consistent with the known VC-FC-H/C interdependence, where H/C organic serves as a carbon-centric stability predictor [74][75][76][77].”
From Pilot-Scale Slow Pyrolysis, Post-Heat Treatment, and Self-Heating Performance of Biochar Fuels Derived from Construction, Renovation, and Demolition (CRD) Wood Waste (2026) · cites this paper as [76]
Table 1 (shown under Conclusions; page unavailable) reports elemental carbon percentages for biochars prepared at 300, 500, and 700 °C, not fixed carbon for HTB800. Searches for “HTB800,” “76.33,” and fixed carbon found no passage addressing the claimed measurement. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHTB800 had an HHV of 31.49 MJ/kg.
“The elevated pH of 9.3 reflects progressive loss of acidic surface functionalities, while the HHV of 31.49MJ/kg and surface area gain to 202.09 m 2 /g (+7.3%) reinforce suitability for energy and metallurgical applications [74][75][76][77].”
From Pilot-Scale Slow Pyrolysis, Post-Heat Treatment, and Self-Heating Performance of Biochar Fuels Derived from Construction, Renovation, and Demolition (CRD) Wood Waste (2026) · cites this paper as [76]
Section 3.1 lists biochars prepared at 300, 500, and 700 °C, but does not identify HTB800 or report a higher heating value. Searches for “HTB800,” “31.49 MJ/kg,” and “higher heating value” found no passage supporting the attributed figure. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHTB800 had a surface area of 202.09 m2/g, a gain of 7.3%.
“The elevated pH of 9.3 reflects progressive loss of acidic surface functionalities, while the HHV of 31.49MJ/kg and surface area gain to 202.09 m 2 /g (+7.3%) reinforce suitability for energy and metallurgical applications [74][75][76][77].”
From Pilot-Scale Slow Pyrolysis, Post-Heat Treatment, and Self-Heating Performance of Biochar Fuels Derived from Construction, Renovation, and Demolition (CRD) Wood Waste (2026) · cites this paper as [76]
Section 3.2 reports surface areas for biochars produced at 300, 500, and 700 °C, but it does not identify HTB800 or report 202.09 m²/g or a 7.3% gain. Searches for “HTB800 202.09” and “202.09 surface area 800 °C” found no matching passage in our copy. Page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Amaku, J. F., & Mtunzi, F. M. (2024) · Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery · doi:10.1007/s13399-024-06313-7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
RETRACTED: State of the art of biochar in Ethiopia. A review
Fenta, A. A. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24934 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Biochar can be produced from waste biomass sources like crop residue [63], food processing waste, municipal solid wastes, animal manure, sewage sludge [64] forestry wastes and others.”
BackgroundRetractedDeng, X., Huang, S., Zhang, Z., Wu, H., Chai, L., Ma, X., & Wang, A. (2026) · Process Safety and Environmental Protection · doi:10.1016/j.psep.2026.108653 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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Effect of Biochar Application on Biogas Production From Cattle Paunch Content
Peter, D., Mohammed, A., Esenowo, J. K., Shaba, M., & Abdulkarim, A. (2025) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.5c02051 · Cited by 4
Advances in Biochar Production and Performance for Sustainable Environment and Energy Applications
Abbas, A., Afzal, S., Waseem, M., Ahmad, M., & Xu, D. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su18125865 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Song, S., Liu, S., Liu, Y., Shi, W., & Ma, H. (2025) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy15051073 · Cited by 3
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Biochar alleviates ammonium-induced suppression of methane uptake in a subtropical forest soil
Zhou, J., Dong, Y., Tang, C., Jiang, Z., Song, X., Xiao, M., Qin, H., Fang, Y.-Y., Zhang, X., Ge, T.-D., et al. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.171024 · Cited by 2
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“For example, Song et al. (2023) observed that the ash content in biochar obtained from tropical crop residues increased with rising pyrolysis temperature, while Luo et al. (2024) reported a similar trend for straw biochar, where the ash fraction grew from 4.3 to 7.7% as the temperature increased.”
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Microwave-Assisted Sulfur Functionalization of Biochar: A Sustainable Route for Cadmium Remediation
Saka, C., Teğin, İ., & Murat, D. (2026) · Water, Air and Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-026-09967-3
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‘Soil and Plant Nutrition’—A Section of Agronomy: Advances and Perspectives
Głąb, T. (2023) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy13102461
Chaves, L. H. G., Fernandes, J. D., Laurentino, L. G. D. S., Souto, L. S., de Andrade, J. N. F., Cândido, A. F., da Silva, A. A. R., & Corrêa, É. B. (2026) · Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental · doi:10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v30n5e296698
- Authors
- Song, S., Cong, P., Wang, C., Li, P., Liu, S., He, Z., Zhou, C., Liu, Y., & Yang, Z.
- Affiliations
- South China Agricultural University (CN)
- Tobacco Research Institute (CN)
- Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Yang, Ziming
- Venue
- Agronomy
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-03-20
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 921
- ISSN
- 2073-4395 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4328120693
- Cited by
- 38
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 5
- FWCI
- 3.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Agronomy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (320QN324, 322MS119, 320MS090, 421MS078, ZR2021QD036)
- Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Shandong (320QN324, 322MS119, 320MS090, 421MS078, ZR2021QD036)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
- Keywords
- biochar, pyrolysis temperature, pineapple leaf, banana stem, sugarcane bagasse, horticultural substrates, soil pH, maize growth, biochar physicochemical properties, aromaticity, sylvite, agricultural waste utilization
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