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The 2020 five domains model: including human-animal interactions in assessments of animal welfare
Open accessAbstract
Throughout its 25-year history, the Five Domains Model for animal welfare assessment has been regularly updated to include at each stage the latest authenticated developments in animal welfare science thinking. The domains of the most up-to-date Model described here are: 1 Nutrition, 2 Physical Environment, 3 Health, 4 Behavioural Interactions and 5 Mental State. The first four domains focus attention on factors that give rise to specific negative or positive subjective experiences (affects), which contribute to the animal’s mental state, as evaluated in Domain 5. More specifically, the first three domains focus mainly on factors that disturb or disrupt particular features of the body’s internal stability. Each disturbed or disrupted feature generates sensory inputs which are processed by the brain to form specific negative affects, and these affects are associated with behaviours that act to restore the body’s internal stability. As each such behaviour is essential for the survival of the animal, the affects associated with them are collectively referred to as “survival-critical affects”. In contrast, Domain 4, now named Behavioural Interactions, focusses on evidence of animals consciously seeking specific goals when interacting behaviourally with (1) the environment, (2) other non-human animals and (3) as a new feature of the Model outlined here, humans. The associated affects, evaluated via Domain 5, are mainly generated by brain processing of sensory inputs elicited by external stimuli. The success of the animals’ behavioural attempts to achieve their chosen goals is reflected in whether the associated affects are negative or positive. Collectively referred to as “situation-related affects”, these outcomes are understood to contribute to animals’ perceptions of their external circumstances. These observations reveal a key distinction between the way survival-critical and situation-related affects influence animals’ aligned behaviours. The former mainly reflect compelling motivations to engage in genetically embedded behavioural responses, whereas the latter mainly involve conscious behavioural choices which are the hallmarks of agency. Finally, numerous examples of human–animal interactions and their attendant affects are described, and the qualitative grading of interactions that generate negative or positive affect is also illustrated.
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“One element of many modern models of animal wellbeing is that animals should be able to live in species-typical social groups and express normal, non-harmful social behaviours.”
From The Concept of Agency, Animal Wellbeing, and the Practical Realities of Ex Situ Breeding Programs in Zoos and Aquariums (2024) · cites this paper as [9]
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“The Five Domains Model offers a holistic approach focusing on affective terms and recognizing the subjectivity in measuring mental experiences (10).”
From Comparison of animal welfare assessment tools and methodologies: need for an effective approach for captive elephants in Asia (2024) · cites this paper as [10]
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“A holistic animal wellbeing program includes access to appropriate nutrition, experiencing positive emotions, reducing negative emotions, and performing species-typical behaviours [6,9].”
From The Concept of Agency, Animal Wellbeing, and the Practical Realities of Ex Situ Breeding Programs in Zoos and Aquariums (2024) · cites this paper as [9]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Mellor, D. J., Beausoleil, N. J., Littlewood, K. E., McLean, A. N., McGreevy, P. D., Jones, B., & Wilkins, C.
- Affiliations
- Massey University (NZ)
- Equitation Science International, 3 Wonderland Ave, Tuerong, VIC 3915, Australia
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Saddletops Pty Ltd., P.O. Box 557, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
- Corresponding author
- Mellor, David J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Animals
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-10-14
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1870
- ISSN
- 2076-2615 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7602120
- OpenAlex
- W3092689285
- Cited by
- 985
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2026: 219 · 2025: 222 · 2024: 197 · 2023: 165 · 2022: 115 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 15.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Animals (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- WBI Studies Repository (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Human-Animal Interaction Studies
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Veterinary Pharmacology and Anesthesia
- Keywords
- Five Domains Model, animal welfare assessment, human-animal interaction, animal welfare science, affective states, agency, mental states, behavioral interactions, nutrition, physical environment, positive and negative affect
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