Assessment of positive welfare: a review

Yeates, J.W.; Main, D.C.J.

doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.05.009

Cited by 504Animal Behavior and Welfare StudiesVeterinary Pharmacology and AnesthesiaPsychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction

Assessment of positive welfare: a review

Yeates, J.W., Main, D.C.J.·2008·The Veterinary Journal

DOI 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.05.009

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Abstract

As a complement to the concentration on negative states in welfare science, scientists are increasingly considering the desirability of measuring positive outcomes. Since evaluation of an animal's mental state is a critical goal for welfare assessment, considerations of both positive feelings (what an animal "likes") and resources that an animal is motivated to obtain (what an animal "wants") appear to be important. However, since animals may make choices that are not in their long-term interests, an assessment of positive feelings and resources should include an evaluation of any associated actual or potential harms, such as fear, distress, pain, injury and disease. A review of current evidence suggests that positive welfare can be best assessed by evaluation of resources (i.e. inputs) that are valued by an animal and by positive outcomes such as behavioural responses, influences on cognitive processes and physiological markers. Since negative welfare is often inversely correlated with positive welfare measures, current welfare policy will have been achieving some positive welfare outcomes, however the explicit inclusion of positive welfare outcomes in the framework allows for analyses that are both deeper and more in tune with commonsense, which can hopefully yield more objective policies.

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IgA is among the novel biomarkers used as a positive welfare indicator and also in assessments of immune function.
“Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is among the novel biomarkers used as a positive welfare indicator and also in assessments of immune function (104).”
From Comparison of animal welfare assessment tools and methodologies: need for an effective approach for captive elephants in Asia (2024) · cites this paper as [104]

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Animal welfare: the concept of the issues
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Attitudes to Animals
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The 2020 five domains model: including human-animal interactions in assessments of animal welfare
Mellor, D. J., Beausoleil, N. J., Littlewood, K. E., McLean, A. N., McGreevy, P. D., Jones, B., & Wilkins, C. (2020) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani10101870 · Cited by 985 · see citing works
Updating Animal Welfare Thinking: Moving beyond the “Five Freedoms” towards “A Life Worth Living”
Mellor, D. (2016) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani6030021 · Cited by 948 · see citing works
Cognitive bias as an indicator of animal emotion and welfare: Emerging evidence and underlying mechanisms
Mendl, M., Burman, O. H. P., Parker, R. M. A., & Paul, E. S. (2009) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2009.02.023 · Cited by 763 · see citing works
Extending the ‘Five Domains’ model for animal welfare assessment to incorporate positive welfare states
Mellor, D., & Beausoleil, N. (2015) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.7120/09627286.24.3.241 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
Animal play and animal welfare
Held, S. D. E., & Špinka, M. (2011) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.01.007 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
Operational Details of the Five Domains Model and Its Key Applications to the Assessment and Management of Animal Welfare
Mellor, D. J. (2017) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani7080060 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Cortisol and finfish welfare
Ellis, T., Yıldız, H. Y., López‐Olmeda, J. F., Spedicato, M. T., Tort, L., Øverli, Ø., & Martins, C. I. M. (2011) · Fish Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10695-011-9568-y · Cited by 365 · see citing works
A survey of dairy calf management practices in Canada that affect animal welfare
Vasseur, E., Borderas-Tordesillas, F., Cue, R. I., Lefebvre, D., Pellerin, D., Rushen, J., Wade, K. M., & de Passillé, A. M. (2010) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2009-2429 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Extending ideas about animal welfare assessment to include ‘quality of life’ and related concepts
Green, T., & Mellor, D. J. (2011) · New Zealand Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1080/00480169.2011.610283 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Animal welfare: At the interface between science and society
Ohl, F., & van der Staay, F. J. (2011) · The Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.05.019 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
New directions for zoo animal welfare science
Whitham, J. C., & Wielebnowski, N. (2013) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2013.02.004 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
There are big gaps in our knowledge, and thus approach, to zoo animal welfare: a case for evidence-based zoo animal management
Melfi, V. A. (2009) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.20288 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
A guide to defining and implementing protocols for the welfare assessment of laboratory animals: eleventh report of the BVAAWF/FRAME/RSPCA/UFAW Joint Working Group on Refinement
Hawkins, P., Morton, D. B., Burman, O., Dennison, N., Honess, P., Jennings, M., Lane, S., Middleton, V, Roughan, J. V., Wells, S., et al. (2011) · Laboratory Animals · doi:10.1258/la.2010.010031 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Play and optimal welfare: Does play indicate the presence of positive affective states?
Ahloy-Dallaire, J., Espinosa, J., & Mason, G. (2018) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2017.11.011 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Assessment of welfare in zoo animals: towards optimum quality of life
Wolfensohn, S., Shotton, J., Bowley, H., Davies, S., Thompson, S., & Justice, W. S. M. (2018) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani8070110 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Animal agency, animal awareness and animal welfare
Špinka, M. (2019) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.7120/09627286.28.1.011 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Towards Farm Animal Welfare and Sustainability
Buller, H. J., Blokhuis, H. J., Jensen, P., & Keeling, L. J. (2018) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani8060081 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
To group or not to group? Good practice for housing male laboratory mice
Kappel, S., Hawkins, P., & Mendl, M. (2017) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani7120088 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Exploring the Potential of Precision Livestock Farming Technologies to Help Address Farm Animal Welfare
Schillings, J., Bennett, R. M., & Rose, D. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Animal Science · doi:10.3389/fanim.2021.639678 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
What Is so Positive about Positive Animal Welfare?—A Critical Review of the Literature
Lawrence, A. B., Vigors, B., & Sandøe, P. (2019) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani9100783 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Moving beyond the “Five Freedoms” by Updating the “Five Provisions” and Introducing Aligned “Animal Welfare Aims”
Mellor, D. (2016) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani6100059 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Animal emotions, behaviour and the promotion of positive welfare states
Mellor, D. J. (2011) · New Zealand Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1080/00480169.2011.619047 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
AAFP-AAHA
Vogt, A. H., Rodan, I., Brown, M., Brown, S. A., Buffington, C. A. T., Forman, M. J. L., Neilson, J., & Sparkes, A. (2009) · Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jfms.2009.12.006 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Relationships between behaviour and health in working horses, donkeys, and mules in developing countries
Burn, C. C., Dennison, T. L., & Whay, H. R. (2010) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2010.06.007 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
A practitioner's guide to working dog welfare
Rooney, N. J., Gaines, S., & Hiby, E. F. (2009) · Journal of Veterinary Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2008.10.037 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Automated bioacoustics: methods in ecology and conservation and their potential for animal welfare monitoring
Mcloughlin, M. P., Stewart, R., & McElligott, A. G. (2019) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2019.0225 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Enhancing animal welfare by creating opportunities for positive affective engagement
Mellor, D. J. (2014) · New Zealand Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1080/00480169.2014.926799 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Cognitive enrichment and welfare: Current approaches and future directions
Clark, F. E. (2017) · Animal Behavior and Cognition · doi:10.12966/abc.05.02.2017 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Social dimension of emotions and its implication for animal welfare
Špinka, M. (2012) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2012.02.005 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
A consensus on the definition of positive animal welfare
Rault, J., Melissa Bateson, B., Boissy, A., Forkman, B., Grinde, B., Gygax, L., Harfeld, J. L., Hintze, S., Keeling, L. J., Košťál, Ľ., et al. (2025) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2024.0382 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Animal welfare risks of global aquaculture
Franks, B., Ewell, C., & Jacquet, J. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abg0677 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Play behaviour in dairy calves is reduced by weaning and by a low energy intake
Krachun, C., Rushen, J., & de Passille, A. M. (2010) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2009.12.002 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Using judgement bias to measure positive affective state in dogs
Burman, O. H. P., McGowan, R. T. S., Mendl, M., Norling, Y., Paul, E. S., Rehn, T., & Keeling, L. J. (2011) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2011.04.001 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Assessment of companion animal quality of life in veterinary practice and research
Yeates, J. W., & Main, D. (2009) · Journal of Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00755.x · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citation
Welfare-aligned Sentience: Enhanced Capacities to Experience, Interact, Anticipate, Choose and Survive
Mellor, D. J. (2019) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani9070440 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
The effects of social contact and milk allowance on responses to handling, play, and social behavior in young dairy calves
Duve, L. R., Weary, D. M., Halekoh, U., & Jensen, M. B. (2012) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2011-5170 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Animal-based welfare monitoring: using keeper ratings as an assessment tool
Whitham, J. C., & Wielebnowski, N. (2009) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.20281 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Vocalisations in farm animals: A step towards positive welfare assessment
Laurijs, K. A., Briefer, E. F., Reimert, I., & Webb, L. E. (2021) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105264 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
ANIMAL BEHAVIOR AND WELL-BEING SYMPOSIUM: Farm animal welfare assurance: Science and application1
Rushen, J., Butterworth, A., & Swanson, J. C. (2011) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/jas.2010-3589 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Positive animal welfare states and encouraging environment-focused and animal-to-animal interactive behaviours
Mellor, D. J. (2014) · New Zealand Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1080/00480169.2014.926800 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
What is animal happiness?
Webb, L. E., Veenhoven, R., Harfeld, J. L., & Jensen, M. B. (2018) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13983 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
How Can We Assess Positive Welfare in Ruminants?
Mattiello, S., Battini, M., Rosa, G. D., Napolitano, F., & Dwyer, C. M. (2019) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani9100758 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
New insights in improving sustainability in meat production: opportunities and challenges
Kumar, P., Abubakar, A. A., Verma, A. K., Umaraw, P., Ahmed, M. A., Mehta, N. R., Hayat, M. N., Kaka, U., & Sazili, A. Q. (2022) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2022.2096562 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
How good is this food? A study on dogs' emotional responses to a potentially pleasant event using infrared thermography
Travain, T., Colombo, E. S., Grandi, L. C., Heinzl, E. U. L., Pelosi, A., Previde, E. P., & Valsecchi, P. (2016) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.03.019 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Positive animal welfare states and reference standards for welfare assessment
Mellor, D. J. (2014) · New Zealand Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1080/00480169.2014.926802 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
The advent of canine performance science: Offering a sustainable future for working dogs
Cobb, M., Branson, N., McGreevy, P. D., Lill, A., & Bennett, P. C. (2014) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2014.10.012 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
To pace or not to pace? A review of what abnormal repetitive behavior tells us about zoo animal management
Rose, P. E., Nash, S. M., & Riley, L. M. (2017) · Journal of Veterinary Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2017.02.007 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Towards a ‘Good Life’ for Farm Animals: Development of a Resource Tier Framework to Achieve Positive Welfare for Laying Hens
Edgar, J. L., Mullan, S. M., Pritchard, J. C., McFarlane, U., & Main, D. C. J. (2013) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani3030584 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citation
Recent Advances in the Analysis of Behavioural Organization and Interpretation as Indicators of Animal Welfare
Asher, L., Collins, L. M., Ortiz-Pelaez, A., Drewe, J. A., Nicol, C. J., & Pfeiffer, D. U. (2009) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2009.0221 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
From the individual to the population – and back again? Emphasising the role of the individual in animal welfare science
Richter, S. H., & Hintze, S. (2018) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2018.12.012 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Linking stress and immunity: Immunoglobulin A as a non-invasive physiological biomarker in animal welfare studies
Staley, M., Conners, M. G., Hall, K., & Miller, L. J. (2018) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.04.011 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“Feelings and Fitness” Not “Feelings or Fitness”–The Raison d'être of Conservation Welfare, Which Aligns Conservation and Animal Welfare Objectives
Beausoleil, N. J., Mellor, D. J., Baker, L., Baker, S. E., Bellio, M., Clarke, A. S., Dale, A. R., Garlick, S., Jones, B., Harvey, A. M., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2018.00296 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
A Review of Welfare Assessment Methods in Reptiles, and Preliminary Application of the Welfare Quality® Protocol to the Pygmy Blue-Tongue Skink, Tiliqua adelaidensis, Using Animal-Based Measures
Benn, A. L., McLelland, D. J., & Whittaker, A. L. (2019) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani9010027 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Effects of exercise and human contact on animal welfare in a dog shelter
Menor‐Campos, D. J., Molleda‐Carbonell, J. M., & López‐Rodríguez, R. (2011) · Veterinary Record · doi:10.1136/vr.d4757 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
The pig's nose and its role in dominance relationships and harmful behaviour
Camerlink, I., & Turner, S. P. (2013) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2013.02.008 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Relationship between behavioural diversity and faecal glucocorticoid metabolites: a case study with cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus)
Miller, L. J., Pisacane, C., & Vicino, G. A. (2016) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.7120/09627286.25.3.325 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Handling method alters the hedonic value of reward in laboratory mice
Clarkson, J. M., Dwyer, D. M., Flecknell, P. A., Leach, M. C., & Rowe, C. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-20716-3 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Positive Welfare and the Like: Distinct Views and a Proposed Framework
Rault, J., Hintze, S., Camerlink, I., & Yee, J. R. (2020) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.00370 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
AAFP–AAHA: Feline Life Stage Guidelines
Vogt, A. H., Rodan, I., Brown, M., Brown, S. A., Buffington, C. A. T., Forman, M. J. L., Neilson, J., & Sparkes, A. (2010) · Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association · doi:10.5326/0460070 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Death is a Welfare Issue
Yeates, J. W. (2009) · Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10806-009-9199-9 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citation
Is ‘a life worth living’ a concept worth having?
Yeates, J. W. (2011) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.1017/s0962728600002955 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citation
Bottlenose dolphins engaging in more social affiliative behaviour judge ambiguous cues more optimistically
Clegg, I. L. K., Rödel, H. G., & Delfour, F. (2017) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.01.026 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Prioritization of Farm Animal Welfare Issues Using Expert Consensus
Rioja-Lang, F. C., Connor, M., Bacon, H., Lawrence, A. B., & Dwyer, C. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2019.00495 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
On-farm Qualitative Behaviour Assessment of dairy goats in different housing conditions
Grosso, L., Battini, M., Wemelsfelder, F., Barbieri, S., Minero, M., Costa, E. D., & Mattiello, S. (2016) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2016.04.013 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Towards a Positive Welfare Protocol for Cattle: A Critical Review of Indicators and Suggestion of How We Might Proceed
Keeling, L. J., Winckler, C., Hintze, S., & Forkman, B. (2021) · Frontiers in Animal Science · doi:10.3389/fanim.2021.753080 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
A dynamic concept of animal welfare: The role of appetitive and adverse internal and external factors and the animal’s ability to adapt to them
Arndt, S. S., Goerlich, V. C., & van der Staay, F. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Animal Science · doi:10.3389/fanim.2022.908513 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Applying ethological and health indicators to practical animal welfare assessment: -EN- Applying ethological and health indicators to practical animal welfare assessment -FR- L’utilisation d’indicateurs éthologiques et sanitaires pour l’évaluation concrète du bien-être animal -ES- Aplicación de indicadores etológicos y sanitarios a la evaluación práctica del bienestar animal
WEMELSFELDER, F., & MULLAN, S. (2014) · Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE · doi:10.20506/rst.33.1.2259 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Determining connections between the daily lives of zoo elephants and their welfare: an epidemiological approach
Meehan, C. L., Mench, J. A., Carlstead, K., & Hogan, J. N. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158124 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Best practice framework for animal welfare certification schemes
Main, D. C. J., Mullan, S. M., Atkinson, C., Cooper, M., Wrathall, J. H. M., & Blokhuis, H. J. (2014) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2014.03.009 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citation
Autonomic reactions indicating positive affect during acoustic reward learning in domestic pigs
Zebunke, M., Langbein, J., Manteuffel, G., & Puppe, B. (2010) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.11.023 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Little penguins, Eudyptula minor, show increased avoidance, aggression and vigilance in response to zoo visitors
Sherwen, S. L., Magrath, M. J. L., Butler, K. L., & Hemsworth, P. H. (2015) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2015.04.007 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Intentions and Values in Animal Welfare Legislation and Standards
Hedman, F. L., Berg, C., Schmid, O. J., Behdadi, D., & Röcklinsberg, H. (2014) · Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10806-014-9512-0 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Programmatic approaches to assessing and improving animal welfare in zoos and aquariums
Barber, J. C. E. (2009) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.20260 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Naturalness and Animal Welfare
Yeates, J. W. (2018) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani8040053 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Ten-Stage Protocol for Assessing the Welfare of Individual Non-Captive Wild Animals: Free-Roaming Horses (Equus Ferus Caballus) as an Example
Harvey, A. M., Beausoleil, N. J., Ramp, D., & Mellor, D. J. (2020) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani10010148 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Behavioural and physiological measures indicate subtle variations in the emotional valence of young pigs
Leliveld, L. M. C., Düpjan, S., Tuchscherer, A., & Puppe, B. (2016) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.02.002 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Empathy toward animals and people: The role of gender and length of service in a sample of Italian veterinarians
Colombo, E. S., Crippa, F., Calderari, T., & Prato‐Previde, E. (2016) · Journal of Veterinary Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2016.10.010 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Positive Welfare for Fishes: Rationale and Areas for Future Study
Fife-Cook, I., & Franks, B. (2019) · Fishes · doi:10.3390/fishes4020031 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
A multi-enclosure study investigating the behavioural response of meerkats to zoo visitors
Sherwen, S. L., Magrath, M. J. L., Butler, K. L., Phillips, C. J. C., & Hemsworth, P. H. (2014) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2014.04.012 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
The potential of Social Network Analysis as a tool for the management of zoo animals
Rose, P. E., & Croft, D. P. (2015) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.7120/09627286.24.2.123 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Investigating anhedonia in a non-conventional species: Do some riding horses Equus caballus display symptoms of depression?
Fureix, C., Beaulieu, C., Argaud, S., Rochais, C., Quinton, M., Henry, S., Hausberger, M., & Mason, G. J. (2014) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2014.11.007 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
The agency domain and behavioral interactions: assessing positive animal welfare using the Five Domains Model
Littlewood, K. E., Heslop, M. V., & Cobb, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2023.1284869 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
The Neurobiology of Behavior and Its Applicability for Animal Welfare: A Review
Coria‐Ávila, G. A., Pfaus, J. G., Orihuela, A., Domínguez-Oliva, A., José-Pérez, N., Hernández, L. A., & Mota‐Rojas, D. (2022) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani12070928 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Nasal temperatures in dairy cows are influenced by positive emotional state
Proctor, H. S., & Carder, G. (2014) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.11.011 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Mutilating Procedures, Management Practices, and Housing Conditions That May Affect the Welfare of Farm Animals: Implications for Welfare Research
Nordquist, R. E., van der Staay, F. J., Eerdenburg, F. J. C. M. V., Velkers, F. C., Fijn, L. B., & Arndt, S. S. (2017) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani7020012 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Optimal marine mammal welfare under human care: Current efforts and future directions
Brando, S. I. C. A., Broom, D. M., Acasuso-Rivero, C., & Clark, F. E. (2017) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2017.09.011 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Cognitive Bias in Zoo Animals: An Optimistic Outlook for Welfare Assessment
Clegg, I. L. K. (2018) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani8070104 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Integrative Model of Human-Animal Interactions: A One Health–One Welfare Systemic Approach to Studying HAI
Leconstant, C., & Spitz, É. (2022) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2022.656833 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Evidence for litter differences in play behaviour in pre-weaned pigs
Brown, S. M., Klaffenböck, M., Nevison, I. M., & Lawrence, A. B. (2015) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2015.09.007 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Characterization of anticipatory behaviour in domesticated horses (Equus caballus)
Peters, S. M., Bleijenberg, E., Dierendonck, M. C. V., van der Harst, J. E., & Spruijt, B. M. (2012) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2012.01.018 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
What do animals want?
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Authors: Yeates, J. W., & Main, D. C. J.
Affiliations: University of Bristol (GB)
Corresponding author: Main, D.C.J.
ORCID: Yeates, J.W.
Main, D.C.J.
Venue: The Veterinary Journal
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2008-03
Volume: 175
Issue: 3
Pages: 293-300
ISSN: 1090-0233 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.05.009
OpenAlex: W2089394830
Cited by: 504
References: 116
Citations by year: 2026: 28 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 2.33
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: The Veterinary Journal (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Veterinary Pharmacology and Anesthesia
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Keywords: positive welfare, animal welfare assessment, animal mental states, animal motivation, animal preferences, behavioral responses, physiological markers, cognitive processes, fear and distress, welfare policy
MeSH terms: Affect, Animals, Animal Welfare, Behavior, Animal

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Assessment of positive welfare: a review

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