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Potential of Molecular Weight and Structure of Tannins to Reduce Methane Emissions from Ruminants: A Review
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There is a need to reduce enteric methane (CH4) to ensure the environmental sustainability of ruminant production systems. Tannins are naturally found in both tropical and temperate plants, and have been shown to consistently decrease urinary nitrogen (N) excretion when consumed by ruminants. However, the limited number of in vivo studies conducted indicates that the effects of tannins on intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation, CH4 production and animal performance vary depending on source, type, dose, and molecular weight (MW). There are two main types of tannin in terrestrial plants: condensed tannin (CT; high MW) and hydrolysable tannin (HT; low MW). Consumption of CT and HT by ruminants can reduce N excretion without negatively affecting animal performance. High MW tannins bind to dietary protein, while low MW tannins affect rumen microbes, and thus, irrespective of type of tannin, N excretion is affected. The structure of high MW tannin is more diverse compared with that of low MW tannin, which may partly explain the inconsistent effects of CT on CH4 production reported in in vivo studies. In contrast, the limited number of in vivo studies with low MW HT potentially shows a consistent decrease in CH4 production, possibly attributed to the gallic acid subunit. Further in vivo studies are needed to determine the effects of tannins, characterized by MW and structural composition, on reducing CH4 emissions and improving animal performance in ruminants.
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![Figure 1 Subunits and interlinkage structures of flavan-3-ols occurring in condensed tannins, described as: (a) Procyanidin (catechin and epicatechin) and prodelphinidin (gallocatechin and epigallocatechin) condensed tannin subunits; and (b) 4,8- and 4,6-B-type interflavan linkage in condensed tannin oligomers and polymers. Source [14,26].](/paper-figures/3263db107abb4364bef271731e0cb8de/potential-of-molecular-weight-and-structure-of-tannins-to-reduce-methane-figure-1.jpg)
![Figure 2 Subunits and interlinkage structures of gallotannin and ellagitannin in hydrolysable tannins, described as (a) β-1,2,3,4,5,6-pentagalloyl glucose forming gallotannin (tannic acid) and (b) casuarictin (ellagitannin) forming trimer of casuarictin (ellagitannin). Source [14,26].](/paper-figures/4e1abe61dd094ac18cef31ab19b3f8f8/potential-of-molecular-weight-and-structure-of-tannins-to-reduce-methane-figure-2.jpg)
![Figure 3 Model structure of phlorotannins. Source [24].](/paper-figures/dbe8dde58b4241c2bcde3c86008752d0/potential-of-molecular-weight-and-structure-of-tannins-to-reduce-methane-figure-3.jpg)
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“It may be attributed to the fact that HT (e.g., gallic acid subunits) directly inhibit methanogens, but the action of CT on rumen CH4 production is variable (172, 207).”
From Phytogenic Additives Can Modulate Rumen Microbiome to Mediate Fermentation Kinetics and Methanogenesis Through Exploiting Diet–Microbe Interaction (2020) · cites this paper as [172]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Aboagye, I. A., & Beauchemin, K. A.
- Affiliations
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Beauchemin, Karen A.
- Venue
- Animals
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-10-23
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 856
- ISSN
- 2076-2615 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6912696
- OpenAlex
- W2981870312
- Cited by
- 186
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 1.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Animals (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Federal Open Science Repository of Canada / Le Dépôt fédéral de science ouverte du Canada (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (PSS2314)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
- Keywords
- tannins, enteric methane, ruminants, proanthocyanidins, hydrolysable tannins, molecular weight, tannin structure, urinary nitrogen excretion, rumen fermentation, gallic acid, animal performance, methane mitigation
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