Cited by 77Phytochemicals and Antioxidant ActivitiesAgricultural and Biological ResearchEdible Oils Quality and Analysis

Food Wastes and Microalgae as Sources of Bioactive Compounds and Pigments in a Modern Biorefinery: A Review

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Martins, Rodrigo, Sales, Hélia, Pontes, Rita, Nunes, João, Gouveia, Isabel·2023·Antioxidants

Abstract

The United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development has created more pressure on countries and society at large for the development of alternative solutions for synthetic and fossil fuel derived products, thus mitigating climate change and environmental hazards. Food wastes and microalgae have been studied for decades as potential sources of several compounds that could be employed in various fields of application from pharmaceutical to textile and packaging. Although multiple research efforts have been put towards extracting rich compounds (i.e., phenolic compounds, tocopherols, and tocotrienols) from these sources, they still remain overlooked as two major sources of bioactive compounds and pigments, mainly due to inefficient extraction processes. Hence, there is a growing need for the development of optimized extraction methods while employing non-organic solvent options following the main principles of green chemistry. This review will focus on delivering a clear and deep analysis on the existing procedures for obtaining bioactive compounds and pigments from food wastes derived from the most consumed and produced fruit crops in the world such as apples, oranges, cherries, almonds, and mangoes, and microalgal biomass, while giving light to the existing drawbacks in need to be solved in order to take full advantage of the rich properties present in these two major biorefinery sources.

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Crossref · 10.3390/antiox12020328

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109 of 109 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • Carotenoids are lipophilic compounds found in Chlorella sp. and Spirulina sp., which have seen increased market potential through uses in foods, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, animal feed, and as dietary supplements.

    “Carotenoids are lipophilic compounds found in Chlorella sp. and Spirulina sp., which have seen an increased growth in market potential through their uses in foods, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, animal feed, and as dietary supplements [45].”

    From Emerging Applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. (2023) · cites this paper as [45]

    Section 5.1 describes carotenoids as lipid-soluble pigments, and Section 6, Market Analysis, discusses their market potential in foods, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, animal feed, and dietary supplements. Section 5.2 says carotenoids can be extracted from microalgae generally, but the passages found do not establish that carotenoids occur specifically in both Chlorella sp. and Spirulina sp. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)

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Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. [26]Cristina-Gabriela G. Emilie D. Gabriel L. Claire E. Bioactive Compounds Extraction from Pomace of Four Apple Varieties 2012 Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288516820 (accessed on 30 September 2022)
  2. [78]Britton G. The Biochemistry of Natural Pigments Cambridge University Press Cambrige, UK 1983
  3. [88]Kodal S.P. Aksu Z. Phenolic pigment extraction from orange peels: Kinetic modeling Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Rhodes, Greece 31 August–2 September 2017

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Authors
Martins, R., Sales, H., Pontes, R., Nunes, J., & Gouveia, I.
Affiliations
  • University of Beira Interior (PT)
  • Association BLC3—Technology and Innovation Campus, Centre Bio R&D Unit, Oliveira do Hospital, 3405-155 Coimbra, Portugal
Corresponding author
Gouveia, Isabel
Venue
Antioxidants
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-01-31
Volume
12
Issue
2
Pages
328
ISSN
2076-3921 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W4318832461
Cited by
77
References
102
Citations by year
2026: 21 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 12
FWCI
1.53
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Antioxidants (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) (UI/BD/153515/2022, UIDB/00195/2020, UIDB/05083/2020, ENTRO-01-0247-FEDER-072630)
  • FibEnTech Research Unit project (UI/BD/153515/2022, UIDB/00195/2020, UIDB/05083/2020, ENTRO-01-0247-FEDER-072630)
  • Centre Bio R&D Unit (UI/BD/153515/2022, UIDB/00195/2020, UIDB/05083/2020, ENTRO-01-0247-FEDER-072630)
  • European Social Fund (FSE) (UI/BD/153515/2022, UIDB/00195/2020, UIDB/05083/2020, ENTRO-01-0247-FEDER-072630)
  • BioPinus project (UI/BD/153515/2022, UIDB/00195/2020, UIDB/05083/2020, ENTRO-01-0247-FEDER-072630)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Agricultural and Biological Research
  • Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Edible Oils Quality and Analysis
Keywords
food waste valorization, microalgae, bioactive compounds, pigments, biorefinery, phenolic compounds, tocopherols, tocotrienols, extraction methods, green chemistry, fruit waste, apple, orange, cherry, almond, mango, microalgal biomass

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