Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Functional Lipophilic Compounds from Arthrospira platensis
Open accessAbstract
Arthrospira platensis biomass was used in order to obtain functional lipophilic compounds through green extraction technologies such as supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction (SFE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). The temperature (T) factor was evaluated for MAE, while for SFE, pressure (P), temperature (T), and co-solvent (ethanol) (CS) were evaluated. The maximum extraction yield of the obtained oleoresin was (4.07% ± 0.14%) and (4.27% ± 0.10%) for SFE and MAE, respectively. Extracts were characterized by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The maximum contents of functional lipophilic compounds in the SFE and MAE extracts were: for carotenoids 283 ± 0.10 μg/g and 629 ± 0.13 μg/g, respectively; for tocopherols 5.01 ± 0.05 μg/g and 2.46 ± 0.09 μg/g, respectively; and for fatty acids 34.76 ± 0.08 mg/g and 15.88 ± 0.06 mg/g, respectively. In conclusion, the SFE process at P 450 bar, T 60 °C and CS 53.33% of CO2 produced the highest yield of tocopherols, carotenoids and fatty acids. The MAE process at 400 W and 50 °C gives the best extracts in terms of tocopherols and carotenoids. For yield and fatty acids, the MAE process at 400 W and 70 °C produced the highest values. Both SFE and MAE showed to be suitable green extraction technologies for obtaining functional lipophilic compounds from Arthrospira platensis.
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Supercritical CO2 extraction is operated at low temperature using a non-oxidant medium, making it suitable for extraction and separation of heat-sensitive and easily oxidized substances.
“Moreover, the supercritical CO2 extraction method is operated at low temperature using a non-oxidant medium, hence it is particularly suitable for the extraction and separation of heat-sensitive and easily oxidized substances (particularly bioactive compounds) [47].”
From Solid Matrix-Supported Supercritical CO2 Enhances Extraction of γ-Linolenic Acid from the Cyanobacterium Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis and Bioactivity Evaluation of the Molecule in Zebrafish (2019) · cites this paper as [47]
The Introduction says CO2 has a low critical temperature (30.9 °C), and the Methods report extraction at 45–60 °C; the paper also reports extracting functional lipophilic compounds. Our copy does not describe the extraction medium as non-oxidant or establish that the method is particularly suitable for heat-sensitive and easily oxidized substances generally. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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- Authors
- Esquivel-Hernández, D., López, V., Rodríguez-Rodríguez, J., Alemán-Nava, G., Cuéllar-Bermúdez, S., Rostro-Alanis, M., & Parra-Saldívar, R.
- Affiliations
- Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. 64849, Mexico
- Tecnologia Ambiental Biomex S.A. de C.V., Volcan Jorullo 5268, Zapopan, Jalisco 45070, Mexico
- Venue
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2016-05-05
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 658
- ISSN
- 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4881484
- OpenAlex
- W2345986645
- Cited by
- 89
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5
- FWCI
- 14.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (221518)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Phase Equilibria and Thermodynamics
- Keywords
- Spirulina platensis, supercritical CO2 extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, green extraction, carotenoids, tocopherols, fatty acids, oleoresin, extraction conditions
- MeSH terms
- Carbon Dioxide, Microwaves, alpha-Linolenic Acid, beta Carotene, alpha-Tocopherol, Spirulina
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