Pro-oxidant Actions of Carotenoids in Triggering Apoptosis of Cancer Cells: A Review of Emerging Evidence
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Carotenoids are well known for their potent antioxidant function in the cellular system. However, in cancer cells with an innately high level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), carotenoids may act as potent pro-oxidant molecules and trigger ROS-mediated apoptosis. In recent years, the pro-oxidant function of several common dietary carotenoids, including astaxanthin, β-carotene, fucoxanthin, and lycopene, has been investigated for their effective killing effects on various cancer cell lines. Besides, when carotenoids are delivered with ROS-inducing cytotoxic drugs (e.g., anthracyclines), they can minimize the adverse effects of these drugs on normal cells by acting as antioxidants without interfering with their cytotoxic effects on cancer cells as pro-oxidants. These dynamic actions of carotenoids can optimize oxidative stress in normal cells while enhancing oxidative stress in cancer cells. This review discusses possible mechanisms of carotenoid-triggered ROS production in cancer cells, the activation of pro-apoptotic signaling by ROS, and apoptotic cell death. Moreover, synergistic actions of carotenoids with ROS-inducing anti-cancer drugs are discussed, and research gaps are suggested.
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The key factor affecting the switch from antioxidant to prooxidant properties of carotenoids is the partial pressure of oxygen, typically high in the lungs.
“The key factor affecting the switch from antioxidant to prooxidant properties of carotenoids has been attributed to the partial pressure of oxygen, typically high in the lungs.”
From Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging (2023) · cites this paper as Shin et al. 2020
Under high partial pressure of oxygen, carotenoid radicals (Car·) from hydrogen abstraction may further react with dioxygen.
“Under conditions of high partial pressure of oxygen, radicals of carotenoids, Car·, originating from the reaction of ROS with a carotenoid molecule by hydrogen abstraction may further react with dioxygen according to the reaction (Young and Lowe 2001; Shin et al. 2020)24”
From Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging (2023) · cites this paper as Shin et al. 2020
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- Authors
- Shin, J., Song, M.-H., Oh, J.-W., Keum, Y.-S., & Saini, R. K.
- Affiliations
- Konkuk University (KR)
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
- Corresponding author
- Saini, Ramesh Kumar
- Venue
- Antioxidants
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-06-17
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 532
- ISSN
- 2076-3921 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7346220
- OpenAlex
- W3036006354
- Cited by
- 173
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 7
- FWCI
- 2.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Antioxidants (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation of Korea (2019R1G1A1006815)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cancer and biochemical research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
- Keywords
- carotenoids, pro-oxidant activity, reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, cancer cells, astaxanthin, beta-carotene, fucoxanthin, lycopene, anthracyclines, oxidative stress, pro-apoptotic signaling, drug synergy, dietary carotenoids
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