CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 32Extraction and Separation ProcessesElectric Vehicles and InfrastructurePhotovoltaic Systems and Sustainability

Sustainable Development Goals and End-of-Life Electric Vehicle Battery: Literature Review

Open access
Akram, Muhammad Nadeem, Abdul-Kader, Walid·2023·Batteries
DOI 10.3390/batteries9070353
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

With a global urgency to decrease greenhouse gas emissions, there has been an increasing demand for electric vehicles on the roads to replace vehicles that use internal combustion. Subsequently, the demand and consumption of raw materials have increased, and thus, there has been an increasing number of retired lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) that contain valuable elements. This literature review paper looks at the following: lifecycle assessments (LCA) of EV batteries, the recycling of LIBs while analyzing what studies have been conducted to improve recycling processes, what recycling facilities have been established or are being planned, studies on the circular economy, the environmental benefits of recycling end-of-life (EOL) batteries, and how LIB recycling is aligned with the Sustainable Devel opment Goals, focusing in particular on Goal 13: Climate Action.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/batteries9070353

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Proper battery management and hybrid backup (e.g., fuel cells) ensure system reliability, extend battery lifecycle, reduce e-waste, and support circular economy principles, aligning with sustainable development goals.

    “Proper battery management and hybrid backup (e.g., fuel cells) ensure system reliability, extend battery lifecycle, reduce e-waste, and support circular economy principles, aligning with sustainable development goals [6].”

    From Designing a Sustainable Off-Grid EV Charging Station: Analysis Across Urban and Remote Canadian Regions (2026) · cites this paper as [6]

    Section 6 (Circular Economy; page not provided) says recycling closes the material loop, and Section 8 (Discussion; page not provided) links battery recycling to environmental benefits and a Sustainable Development Goal. The review also discusses reuse of end-of-life EV batteries, but the passages do not establish that battery management extends battery life or that fuel-cell hybrid backup ensures system reliability. Those specific mechanisms and outcomes are unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

No citation lists for this paper

No citation lists for this paper yet — checked again daily.

References 132 · Cited by 32

Research works printed but not linked: 88

  1. Nilsson, M.; Griggs, D.; Visbeck, M. Policy: Map the interactions between Sustainable Development Goals. Nature 2016, 534, 320-322. [CrossRef] · DOI · Paper page
  2. Lu, Y.; Nakicenovic, N.; Visbeck, M.; Stevance, A.-S. Policy: Five priorities for the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Nature 2015, 520, 432-433. [CrossRef] · DOI
  3. Schmidt-Traub, G. Investment Needs to Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals: Understanding the Billions and Trillions. 12 November 2015. Available online: https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep15864 (accessed on 16 January 2023).
  4. Bue, M.C.L.; Klasen, S. Identifying Synergies and Complementarities Between MDGs: Results from Cluster Analysis. Soc. Indic. Res. 2013, 113, 647-670. [CrossRef] · DOI
  5. Mathy, S.; Blanchard, O. Proposal for a poverty-adaptation-mitigation window within the Green Climate Fund. Clim. Policy 2015, 16, 752-767. [CrossRef] · DOI
  6. Smith, P.; Olesen, J.E. Synergies between the mitigation of, and adaptation to, climate change in agriculture. J. Agric. Sci. 2010, 148, 543-552. [CrossRef] · DOI
  7. Pražanová, A.; Knap, V.; Stroe, D.-I. Literature Review, Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles, Part I: Recycling Technology. Energies 2022, 15, 1086. [CrossRef] · DOI
  8. Loganathan, M.K.; Anandarajah, G.; Tan, C.M.; Msagati, T.A.M.; Das, B.; Hazarika, M. Review and selection of recycling technology for lithium-ion batteries made for EV application-A life cycle perspective. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science; IOP Publishing: Bristol, UK, 2022; Volume 1100, p. 012011. [CrossRef] · DOI
  9. Regatieri, H.R.; Junior, O.H.A.; Salgado, J.R.C. Systematic Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Literature Using ProKnow-C and Methodi Ordinatio. Energies 2022, 15, 1485. [CrossRef] · DOI
  10. Chakraborty, P.; Parker, R.; Hoque, T.; Cruz, J.; Du, L.; Wang, S.; Bhunia, S. Addressing the range anxiety of battery electric vehicles with charging en route. Sci. Rep. 2022, 12, 5588. [CrossRef] · DOI
  11. Leijon, J.; Boström, C. Charging Electric Vehicles Today and in the Future. World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13, 139. [CrossRef] · DOI
  12. Bose, S.; Khan, H.Z. Sustainable development goals (SDGs) reporting and the role of country-level institutional factors: Interna- tional evidence. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 335, 130290. [CrossRef] · DOI
  13. Pereira, P.; Zhao, W.; Symochko, L.; Inacio, M.; Bogunovic, I.; Barcelo, D. The Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict will push back the sustainable development goals. Geogr. Sustain. 2022, 3, 277-287. [CrossRef] · DOI
  14. Belmonte-Ureña, L.J.; Plaza-Úbeda, J.A.; Vazquez-Brust, D.; Yakovleva, N. Circular economy, degrowth and green growth as pathways for research on sustainable development goals: A global analysis and future agenda. Ecol. Econ. 2021, 185, 107050. [CrossRef] · DOI
  15. Zwiers, J.; Jaeger-Erben, M.; Hofmann, F. Circular literacy. A knowledge-based approach to the circular economy. Cult. Organ. 2020, 26, 121-141. [CrossRef] · DOI
  16. Hernandez, R.R.; Jordaan, S.M.; Kaldunski, B.; Kumar, N. Aligning Climate Change and Sustainable Development Goals With an Innovation Systems Roadmap for Renewable Power. Front. Sustain. 2020, 1, 583090. [CrossRef] · DOI
  17. Tremblay, D.; Fortier, F.; Boucher, J.; Riffon, O.; Villeneuve, C. Sustainable development goal interactions: An analysis based on the five pillars of the 2030 agenda. Sustain. Dev. 2020, 28, 1584-1596. [CrossRef] · DOI
  18. García-Feijoo, M.; Eizaguirre, A.; Rica-Aspiunza, A. Systematic Review of Sustainable-Development-Goal Deployment in Business Schools. Sustainability 2020, 12, 440. [CrossRef] · DOI
  19. Vinuesa, R.; Azizpour, H.; Leite, I.; Balaam, M.; Dignum, V.; Domisch, S.; Felländer, A.; Langhans, S.D.; Tegmark, M.; Nerini, F.F. The role of artificial intelligence in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 1-10. [CrossRef] · DOI · Paper page
  20. Schroeder, P.; Anggraeni, K.; Weber, U. The Relevance of Circular Economy Practices to the Sustainable Development Goals. J. Ind. Ecol. 2019, 23, 77-95. [CrossRef] · DOI
  21. Allen, C.; Metternicht, G.; Wiedmann, T. Initial progress in implementing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): A review of evidence from countries. Sustain. Sci. 2018, 13, 1453-1467. [CrossRef] · DOI
  22. Stafford-Smith, M.; Griggs, D.; Gaffney, O.; Ullah, F.; Reyers, B.; Kanie, N.; Stigson, B.; Shrivastava, P.; Leach, M.; O'connell, D. Integration: The key to implementing the Sustainable Development Goals. Sustain. Sci. 2016, 12, 911-919. [CrossRef] [PubMed] · DOI
  23. Hossain, E.; Murtaugh, D.; Mody, J.; Faruque, H.M.R.; Sunny, S.H.; Mohammad, N. A Comprehensive Review on Second-Life Batteries: Current State, Manufacturing Considerations, Applications, Impacts, Barriers & Potential Solutions, Business Strategies, and Policies. IEEE Access 2019, 7, 73215-73252. [CrossRef] · DOI
  24. Casals, L.C.; Amante García, B.; Canal, C. Second life batteries lifespan: Rest of useful life and environmental analysis. J. Environ. Manag. 2019, 232, 354-363. [CrossRef] · DOI · Paper page
  25. Koroma, M.S.; Costa, D.; Philippot, M.; Cardellini, G.; Hosen, S.; Coosemans, T.; Messagie, M. Life cycle assessment of battery electric vehicles: Implications of future electricity mix and different battery end-of-life management. Sci. Total Environ. 2022, 831, 154859. [CrossRef] · DOI
  26. Shafique, M.; Luo, X. Environmental life cycle assessment of battery electric vehicles from the current and future energy mix perspective. J. Environ. Manag. 2021, 303, 114050. [CrossRef] · DOI · Paper page
  27. Yang, L.; Yu, B.; Yang, B.; Chen, H.; Malima, G.; Wei, Y.-M. Life cycle environmental assessment of electric and internal combustion engine vehicles in China. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 285, 124899. [CrossRef] · DOI
  28. Sun, X.; Luo, X.; Zhang, Z.; Meng, F.; Yang, J. Life cycle assessment of lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM) batteries for electric passenger vehicles. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 273, 123006. [CrossRef] · DOI
  29. Qiao, Q.; Zhao, F.; Liu, Z.; Hao, H. Electric vehicle recycling in China: Economic and environmental benefits. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2019, 140, 45-53. [CrossRef] · DOI
  30. Bicer, Y.; Dincer, I. Life cycle environmental impact assessments and comparisons of alternative fuels for clean vehicles. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2018, 132, 141-157. [CrossRef] · DOI
  31. Burchart-Korol, D.; Jursova, S.; Folęga, P.; Korol, J.; Pustejovska, P.; Blaut, A. Environmental life cycle assessment of electric vehicles in Poland and the Czech Republic. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 202, 476-487. [CrossRef] · DOI · Paper page
  32. Wu, Z.; Wang, M.; Zheng, J.; Sun, X.; Zhao, M.; Wang, X. Life cycle greenhouse gas emission reduction potential of battery electric vehicle. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 190, 462-470. [CrossRef] · DOI
  33. Kim, H.C.; Wallington, T.J.; Arsenault, R.; Bae, C.; Ahn, S.; Lee, J. Cradle-to-Gate Emissions from a Commercial Electric Vehicle Li-Ion Battery: A Comparative Analysis. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 50, 7715-7722. [CrossRef] [PubMed] · DOI · Paper page
  34. Tagliaferri, C.; Evangelisti, S.; Acconcia, F.; Domenech, T.; Ekins, P.; Barletta, D.; Lettieri, P. Life cycle assessment of future electric and hybrid vehicles: A cradle-to-grave systems engineering approach. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 2016, 112, 298-309. [CrossRef] · DOI · Paper page
  35. Akram, M.N.; Abdul-Kader, W. Electric vehicle battery state changes and reverse logistics considerations. Int. J. Sustain. Eng. 2021, 14, 390-403. [CrossRef] · DOI · Paper page
  36. Kumagai, J. Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Finally Takes Off in North America and Europe. IEEE Spectrum. 2021. Available online: https://spec-trum.ieee.org/lithiumion-battery-recycling-finally-takes-off-in-northamerica-and-europe (accessed on 10 January 2023).
  37. Lv, W.; Wang, Z.; Cao, H.; Sun, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Sun, Z.H. A Critical Review and Analysis on the Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2018, 6, 1504-1521. [CrossRef] · DOI
  38. Velázquez-Martínez, O.; Valio, J.; Santasalo-Aarnio, A.; Reuter, M.; Serna-Guerrero, R. A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes from a Circular Economy Perspective. Batteries 2019, 5, 68. [CrossRef] · DOI
  39. Fleischmann, M.; Krikke, H.; Dekker, R.; Flapper, S.A. Characterization of Logistics Networks for Product Recovery. Omega 2000, 6, 653-666. [CrossRef] · DOI
  40. Akram, M.N.; Abdul-Kader, W. EV Battery Recycling and Its Impact on Society. In Proceedings of the 5th NA International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, Detroit, MI, USA, 10-14 August 2020.
  41. Szałatkiewicz, J.; Szewczyk, R.; Budny, E.; Missala, T.; Winiarski, W. Construction Aspects of Plasma Based Technology for Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Management in Urban Areas. Procedia Eng. 2013, 57, 1100-1108. [CrossRef] · DOI
  42. Vezzini, A. Manufacturers, Materials and Recycling Technologies. In Lithium-Ion Batteries 2014 Jan 1; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2014; pp. 529-551.
  43. Assefi, M.; Maroufi, S.; Yamauchi, Y.; Sahajwalla, V. Pyrometallurgical recycling of Li-ion, Ni-Cd and Ni-MH batteries: A minireview. Curr. Opin. Green Sustain. Chem. 2020, 24, 26-31. [CrossRef] · DOI
  44. Brückner, L.; Frank, J.; Elwert, T. Industrial Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries-A Critical Review of Metallurgical Process Routes. Metals 2020, 10, 1107. [CrossRef] · DOI
  45. Li, L.; Zhang, X.; Li, M.; Chen, R.; Wu, F.; Amine, K.; Lu, J. The Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Review of Current Processes and Technologies. Electrochem. Energy Rev. 2018, 1, 461-482. [CrossRef] · DOI
  46. Makuza, B.; Tian, Q.; Guo, X.; Chattopadhyay, K.; Yu, D. Pyrometallurgical options for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries: A comprehensive review. J. Power Sources 2021, 491, 229622. [CrossRef] · DOI
  47. Holzer, A.; Windisch-Kern, S.; Ponak, C.; Raupenstrauch, H. A novel pyrometallurgical recycling process for lithium-ion batteries and its application to the recycling of LCO and LFP. Metals 2021, 11, 149. [CrossRef] · DOI
  48. Hu, X.; Mousa, E.; Ye, G. Recovery of Co, Ni, Mn, and Li from Li-ion batteries by smelting reduction-Part II: A pi-lot-scale demonstration. J. Power Sources 2021, 483, 229089. [CrossRef] · DOI
  49. Sommerfeld, M.; Vonderstein, C.; Dertmann, C.; Klimko, J.; Oráč, D.; Miškufová, A.; Havlík, T.; Friedrich, B. A Combined Pyro-and Hydrometallurgical Approach to Recycle Pyrolyzed Lithium-Ion Battery Black Mass Part 1: Production of Lithium Concentrates in an Electric Arc Furnace. Metals 2020, 10, 1069. [CrossRef] · DOI
  50. Arshad, F.; Li, L.; Amin, K.; Fan, E.; Manurkar, N.; Ahmad, A.; Yang, J.; Wu, F.; Chen, R. A Comprehensive Review of the Advancement in Recycling the Anode and Electrolyte from Spent Lithium Ion Batteries. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2020, 8, 13527-13554. [CrossRef] · DOI
  51. Pinegar, H.; Smith, Y.R. Recycling of End-of-Life Lithium-Ion Batteries, Part I: Commercial Processes. J. Sustain. Metall. 2019, 5, 402-416. [CrossRef] · DOI
  52. Chen, Y.; Liu, N.; Hu, F.; Ye, L.; Xi, Y.; Yang, S. Thermal treatment and ammoniacal leaching for the recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries. Waste Manag. 2018, 75, 469-476. [CrossRef] · DOI
  53. Wang, M.-M.; Zhang, C.-C.; Zhang, F.-S. Recycling of spent lithium-ion battery with polyvinyl chloride by mechanochemical process. Waste Manag. 2017, 67, 232-239. [CrossRef] · DOI
  54. Chen, L.; Wang, P.; Shen, Y.; Guo, M. Spent lithium-ion battery materials recycling for catalytic pyrolysis or gasification of biomass. Bioresour. Technol. 2020, 323, 124584. [CrossRef] · DOI
  55. Cognet, M.; Condomines, J.; Cambedouzou, J.; Madhavi, S.; Carboni, M.; Meyer, D. An original recycling method for Li-ion batteries through large scale production of Metal Organic Frameworks. J. Hazard. Mater. 2019, 385, 121603. [CrossRef] · DOI
  56. Pindar, S.; Dhawan, N. Recycling of mixed discarded lithium-ion batteries via microwave processing route. Sustain. Mater. Technol. 2020, 25, e00157. [CrossRef] · DOI
  57. Norgren, A.; Carpenter, A.; Heath, G. Design for Recycling Principles Applicable to Selected Clean Energy Technologies: Crystalline-Silicon Photovoltaic Modules, Electric Vehicle Batteries, and Wind Turbine Blades. J. Sustain. Met. 2020, 6, 761-774. [CrossRef] · DOI
  58. Sommerville, R.; Shaw-Stewart, J.; Goodship, V.; Rowson, N.; Kendrick, E. A review of physical processes used in the safe recycling of lithium ion batteries. Sustain. Mater. Technol. 2020, 25, e00197. [CrossRef] · DOI
  59. Silvestri, L.; Forcina, A.; Arcese, G.; Bella, G. Recycling technologies of nickel-metal hydride batteries: An LCA based analysis. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 273, 123083. [CrossRef] · DOI
  60. Mohr, M.; Peters, J.F.; Baumann, M.; Weil, M. Toward a cell-chemistry specific life cycle assessment of lithium-ion battery recycling processes. J. Ind. Ecol. 2020, 24, 13021. [CrossRef] · DOI · Paper page
  61. Larouche, F.; Tedjar, F.; Amouzegar, K.; Houlachi, G.; Bouchard, P.; Demopoulos, G.P.; Zaghib, K. Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond. Materials 2020, 13, 801. [CrossRef] [PubMed] · DOI
  62. Beaudet, A.; Larouche, F.; Amouzegar, K.; Bouchard, P.; Zaghib, K. Key Challenges and Opportunities for Recycling Electric Vehicle Battery Materials. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5837. [CrossRef] · DOI
  63. Montoya, A.T.; Yang, Z.; Dahl, E.U.; Pupek, K.Z.; Polzin, B.; Dunlop, A.; Vaughey, J.T. Direct Recycling of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes: A Multi-Stage Annealing Process to Recover the Pristine Structure and Performance. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2022, 10, 13319-13324. [CrossRef] · DOI
  64. Park, K.; Yu, J.; Coyle, J.; Dai, Q.; Frisco, S.; Zhou, M.; Burrell, A. Direct Cathode Recycling of End-Of-Life Li-Ion Batteries Enabled by Redox Mediation. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2021, 9, 8214-8221. [CrossRef] · DOI
  65. Li, L.; Yang, T.; Li, Z. Parameter optimization and yield prediction of cathode coating separation process for direct recycling of end-of-life lithium-ion batteries. RSC Adv. 2021, 11, 24132-24136. [CrossRef] · DOI
  66. Wu, C.; Hu, J.; Ye, L.; Su, Z.; Fang, X.; Zhu, X.; Zhuang, L.; Ai, X.; Yang, H.; Qian, J. Direct Regeneration of Spent Li-Ion Battery Cathodes via Chemical Relithiation Reaction. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2021, 9, 16384-16393. [CrossRef] · DOI
  67. Folayan, T.-O.; Lipson, A.L.; Durham, J.L.; Pinegar, H.; Liu, D.; Pan, L. Direct Recycling of Blended Cathode Materials by Froth Flotation. Energy Technol. 2021, 9, 2100468. [CrossRef] · DOI
  68. Sloop, S.; Crandon, L.; Allen, M.; Koetje, K.; Reed, L.; Gaines, L.; Sirisaksoontorn, W.; Lerner, M.A. Direct recycling case study from a lithium-ion battery recall. Sustain. Mater. Technol. 2020, 25, e00152. [CrossRef] · DOI
  69. Ross, B.J.; LeResche, M.; Liu, D.; Durham, J.L.; Dahl, E.U.; Lipson, A.L. Mitigating the Impact of Thermal Binder Removal for Direct Li-Ion Battery Recycling. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2020, 8, 12511-12515. [CrossRef] · DOI
  70. Xu, P.; Dai, Q.; Gao, H.; Liu, H.; Zhang, M.; Li, M.; Chen, Y.; An, K.; Meng, Y.S.; Liu, P.; et al. Efficient Direct Recycling of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes by Targeted Healing. Joule 2020, 4, 2609-2626. [CrossRef] · DOI
  71. Garole, D.J.; Hossain, R.; Garole, V.J.; Sahajwalla, V.; Nerkar, J.; Dubal, D.P. Recycle, Recover and Repurpose Strategy of Spent Li-ion Batteries and Catalysts: Current Status and Future Opportunities. Chemsuschem 2020, 13, 3079-3100. [CrossRef] [PubMed] · DOI
  72. Song, X.; Hu, T.; Liang, C.; Long, H.L.; Zhou, L.; Song, W.; You, L.; Wu, Z.S.; Liu, J.W. Direct regeneration of cathode materials from spent lithium iron phosphate batteries using a solid phase sintering method. RSC Adv. 2017, 7, 4783-4790. [CrossRef] · DOI
  73. Jung, J.C.Y.; Sui, P.C.; Zhang, J. A review of recycling spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials using hydrometal-lurgical treatments. J. Energy Storage 2021, 35, 102217. [CrossRef] · DOI
  74. Chen, X.; Chen, Y.; Zhou, T.; Liu, D.; Hu, H.; Fan, S. Hydrometallurgical recovery of metal values from sulfuric acid leaching liquor of spent lithium-ion batteries. Waste Manag. 2015, 38, 349-356. [CrossRef] · DOI
  75. Cerrillo-Gonzalez, M.; Villen-Guzman, M.; Vereda-Alonso, C.; Gomez-Lahoz, C.; Rodriguez-Maroto, J.; Paz-Garcia, J. Recovery of Li and Co from LiCoO 2 via Hydrometallurgical-Electrodialytic Treatment. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 2367. [CrossRef] · DOI · Paper page
  76. He, Y.; Yuan, X.; Zhang, G.; Wang, H.; Zhang, T.; Xie, W.; Li, L. A critical review of current technologies for the liberation of electrode materials from foils in the recycling process of spent lithium-ion batteries. Sci. Total Environ. 2021, 766, 142382. [CrossRef] [PubMed] · DOI
  77. Djoudi, N.; Mostefa, M.L.P.; Muhr, H. Hydrometallurgical Process to Recover Cobalt from Spent Li-Ion Batteries. Resources 2021, 10, 58. [CrossRef] 100. · DOI
  78. Vieceli, N.; Nogueira, C.; Guimarães, C.; Pereira, M.; Durão, F.O.; Margarido, F. Hydrometallurgical recycling of lithium-ion batteries by reductive leaching with sodium Metabisulphite. Waste Manag. 2018, 71, 350-361. [CrossRef] 101. Linda, G.; Kirti Richa, K.; Spangenberger, J. Key issues for Li-ion battery recycling. MRS Energy Sustain. 2018, 5, 12. 102. · DOI
  79. Dalini, E.A.; Karimi, G.; Zandevakili, S.; Goodarzi, M. A Review on Environmental, Economic and Hydrometallurgical Processes of Recycling Spent Lithium-ion Batteries. Miner. Process. Extr. Met. Rev. 2020, 42, 451-472. [CrossRef] 105. Verma, A.; Corbin, D.R.; Shiflett, M.B. Lithium and cobalt recovery for lithium-ion battery recycling using an improved oxalate process with hydrogen peroxide. Hydrometallurgy 2021, 203, 105694. [CrossRef] 106. Chitre, A.; Freake, D.; Lander, L.; Edge, J.; Titirici, M. Towards a More Sustainable Lithium-Ion Battery Future: Recycling LIBs from Electric Vehicles. Batter. Supercaps 2020, 3, 1126-1136. [CrossRef] 107. · DOI
  80. Anwani, S.; Methekar, R.; Ramadesigan, V. Resynthesizing of lithium cobalt oxide from spent lithium-ion batteries using an environmentally benign and economically viable recycling process. Hydrometallurgy 2020, 197, 105430. [CrossRef] 108. Zhou, L.F.; Yang, D.; Du, T.; Gong, H.; Luo, W.B. The Current Process for the Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Bat-teries. Front. Chem. 2020, 8, 578044. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 109. Wang, Y.; An, N.; Wen, L.; Wang, L.; Jiang, X.; Hou, F.; Yin, Y.; Liang, J. Recent progress on the recycling technology of Li-ion batteries. J. Energy Chem. 2020, 55, 391-419. [CrossRef] 110. Cerrillo-Gonzalez, M.D.; Villen-Guzman, M.; Acedo-Bueno, L.F.; Rodriguez-Maroto, J.M.; Paz-Garcia, J.M. Hydro-metallurgical extraction of Li and Co from LiCoO 2 particles-experimental and modeling. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 6375. [CrossRef] 111. Chan, K.H.; Malik, M.; Anawati, J.; Azimi, G. Recycling of End-of-Life Lithium-Ion Battery of Electric Vehicles. In Rare Metal Technology 2020; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2020; pp. 23-32. [CrossRef] 112. Takacova, Z.; Havlik, T.; Kukurugya, F.; Orac, D. Cobalt and lithium recovery from active mass of spent Li-ion batteries: Theoretical and experimental approach. Hydrometallurgy 2016, 163, 9-17. [CrossRef] 113. · DOI
  81. Joulié, M.; Laucournet, R.; Billy, E. Hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of high value metals from spent lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide based lithium-ion batteries. J. Power Sources 2014, 247, 551-555. [CrossRef] 114. Meshram, P.; Pandey, B.; Mankhand, T. Extraction of lithium from primary and secondary sources by pre-treatment, leaching and separation: A comprehensive review. Hydrometallurgy 2014, 150, 192-208. [CrossRef] 115. Su, B.; Heshmati, A.; Geng, Y.; Yu, X. A review of the circular economy in China: Moving from rhetoric to implementation. J. Clean. Prod. 2013, 42, 215-227. [CrossRef] 116. Diekmann, J.; Hanisch, C.; Froböse, L.; Schälicke, G.; Loellhoeffel, T.; Fölster, A.-S.; Kwade, A. Ecological Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles with Focus on Mechanical Processes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2016, 164, A6184-A6191. [CrossRef] 117. Yao, Y.; Zhu, M.; Zhao, Z.; Tong, B.; Fan, Y.; Hua, Z. Hydrometallurgical Processes for Recycling Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Critical Review. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2018, 6, 13611-13627. [CrossRef] 118 · DOI
  82. Munir, H.; Srivastava, R.R.; Kim, H.; Ilyas, S.; Khosa, M.K.; Yameen, B. Leaching of exhausted LNCM cathode batteries in ascorbic acid lixiviant: A green recycling approach, reaction kinetics and process mechanism. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 2020, 95, 2286-2294. [CrossRef] 119. Porvali, A.; Aaltonen, M.; Ojanen, S.; Velazquez-Martinez, O.; Eronen, E.; Liu, F.; Wilson, B.P.; Serna-Guerrero, R.; Lundström, M. Mechanical, and hydrometallurgical processes in HCl media for the recycling of valuable metals from Li-ion battery waste. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2019, 142, 257-266. [CrossRef] 120. Yun, L.; Linh, D.; Shui, L.; Peng, X.; Garg, A.; LE, M.L.P.; Asghari, S.; Sandoval, J. Metallurgical and mechanical methods for recycling of lithium-ion battery pack for electric vehicles. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2018, 136, 198-208. [CrossRef] 121. Li, L.; Bian, Y.; Zhang, X.; Guan, Y.; Fan, E.; Wu, F.; Chen, R. Process for recycling mixed-cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries and kinetics of leaching. Waste Manag. 2018, 71, 362-371. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 122. Xiao, J.; Li, J.; Xu, Z. Recycling metals from lithium ion battery by mechanical separation and vacuum metallurgy. J. Hazard. Mater. 2017, 338, 124-131. [CrossRef] 123. Andersen, M.S. An introductory note on the environmental economics of the circular economy. Sustain. Sci. 2006, 2, 133-140. [CrossRef] 124. Ghisellini, P.; Cialani, C.; Ulgiati, S. A Review on Circular Economy: The Expected Transition to a Balanced Interplay of Environmental and Economic Systems. J. Clean. Prod. 2016, 114, 11-32. [CrossRef] 125. Bennett, J.W.; Pearce, D.W.; Turner, R.K. Economics of Natural Resources and the Environment. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 1991, 73, 227-228. [CrossRef] 126. Ellen MacArthur Foundation. Towards the Circular Economy vol.1. Isle of Wight. 2013. Available online: https: //ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/to-wards-a-circular-economy-business-rationale-for-an-accelerated-transition (accessed on 10 February 2023). 127. · DOI
  83. Akram, M.N. EV Battery State Changes and RL Considerations. Master's Thesis, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada, 2020. 128. Gonzales-Calienes, G.; Yu, B.; Bensebaa, F. Development of a Reverse Logistics Modeling for End-of-Life Lithium-Ion Batteries and Its Impact on Recycling Viability-A Case Study to Support End-of-Life Electric Vehicle Battery Strategy in Canada. Sustainability 2022, 14, 15321. [CrossRef] 129. Global Battery Alliance. A Vision for a Sustainable Battery Value Chain in 2030, Unlocking the Full Potential to Power Sustainable Development and Climate Change Mitigation. World Economic Forum. 2019. Available online: https://www3.weforum.org/docs/ WEFA_Vision_for_a_Sustainable_Battery_Value_Chain_in_2030_Report.pdf (accessed on 10 February 2023). 130. · DOI · Paper page
  84. Trang, N.T.N.; Li, Y. Reverse supply chain for end-of-life vehicles treatment: An in-depth content review. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. Adv. 2023, 17, 200128. [CrossRef] 131. Shafique, M.; Rafiq, M.; Azam, A.; Luo, X. Material flow analysis for end-of-life lithium-ion batteries from battery electric vehicles in the USA and China. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2021, 178, 106061. [CrossRef] 132. · DOI
  85. Meegoda, J.N.; Malladi, S.; Zayas, I.C. End-of-Life Management of Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries in the United States. Clean Technol. 2022, 4, 1162-1174. [CrossRef] 133. · DOI
  86. Akram, M.N.; Abdul-Kader, W. Energy Transition and Environmental Benefit of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles. In Proceedings of the 2nd African International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, Harare, Zimbabwe, 8-10 December 2020; Available online: http://ieomsociety.org/harare2020/papers/227.pdf (accessed on 1 March 2023). 134. Fujita, T.; Chen, H.; Wang, K.-T.; He, C.-L.; Wang, Y.-B.; Dodbiba, G.; Wei, Y.-Z. Reduction, reuse and recycle of spent Li-ion batteries for automobiles: A review. Int. J. Miner. Met. Mater. 2021, 28, 179-192. [CrossRef] 135. Baars, J.; Domenech, T.; Bleischwitz, R.; Melin, H.E.; Heidrich, O. Circular economy strategies for electric vehicle batteries reduce reliance on raw materials. Nat. Sustain. 2020, 4, 71-79. [CrossRef] 136. Kotak, Y.; Marchante Fernández, C.; Canals Casals, L.; Kotak, B.S.; Koch, D.; Geisbauer, C.; Trilla, L.; Gómez-Núñez, A.; Schweiger, H.G. End of Electric Vehicle Batteries: Reuse vs. Recycl. Energ. 2021, 14, 2217. [CrossRef] 137. Curtis, T.; Smith, L.; Buchanan, H.; Heath, G. A Circular Economy for Lithium-Ion Batteries Used in Mobile and Stationary Energy Storage: Drivers, Barriers, Enablers, and U.S. Policy Considerations; NREL/TP-6A20-77035; National Renewable Energy Laboratory: Golden, CO, USA, 2020. 138. · DOI
  87. Dunn, J.B.; Gaines, L.; Kelly, J.C.; James, C.; Gallagher, K.G. The significance of Li-ion batteries in electric vehicle life-cycle energy and emissions and recycling's role in its reduction. Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, 8, 158-168. [CrossRef] 157. Bae, H.; Kim, Y. Technologies of lithium recycling from waste lithium ion batteries: A review. Mater. Adv. 2021, 2, 3234-3250. [CrossRef] 158. Crespo, M.S.; González, M.V.G.; Peiró, L.T. Prospects on end of life electric vehicle batteries through 2050 in Catalonia. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2022, 180, 106133. [CrossRef] 159. Castro, F.D.; Cutaia, L.; Vaccari, M. End-of-life automotive lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in Brazil: Prediction of flows and revenues by 2030. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2021, 169, 105522. [CrossRef] 160. Abdelbaky, M.; Peeters, J.R.; Dewulf, W. On the influence of second use, future battery technologies, and battery lifetime on the maximum recycled content of future electric vehicle batteries in Europe. Waste Manag. 2021, 125, 1-9. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 161. · DOI · Paper page
  88. Buchert, M.; Jenseit, W.; Merz, C.; Schüler, D. Ökobilanz zum "Recycling von Lithium-Ionen-Batterien "(LithoRec); Öko-Institut: Darmstadt, Germany, 2011. 162. Wang, S.; Yu, J. A comparative life cycle assessment on lithium-ion battery: Case study on electric vehicle battery in China considering battery evolution. Waste Manag. Res. J. Sustain. Circ. Econ. 2020, 39, 156-164. [CrossRef] PubMedDisclaimer/Publisher's Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. · DOI

Authors
Akram, M. N., & Abdul-Kader, W.
Affiliations
  • University of Windsor (CA)
  • Department of Mechanical, Automotive, and Materials Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
Venue
Batteries
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-07-02
Volume
9
Issue
7
Pages
353
ISSN
2313-0105 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/batteries9070353
OpenAlex
W4382983503
Cited by
32
References
132
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 2
FWCI
3.14
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Batteries (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Scholarship at UWindsor (University of Windsor) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) (RGPIN-2020-05499)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Extraction and Separation Processes
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Photovoltaic Systems and Sustainability
Keywords
lithium-ion battery recycling, Sustainable Development Goals, circular economy, recycling facilities, greenhouse gas emissions reduction

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review