Development of a Reverse Logistics Modeling for End-of-Life Lithium-Ion Batteries and Its Impact on Recycling Viability—A Case Study to Support End-of-Life Electric Vehicle Battery Strategy in Canada
Open accessAbstract
The deployment of a sustainable recycling network for electric vehicle batteries requires the development of an infrastructure to collect and deliver batteries to several locations from which they can be transported to companies for repurposing or recycling. This infrastructure is still not yet developed in North America, and consequently, spent electric vehicle batteries in Canada are dispersed throughout the country. The purpose of this reverse logistics study is to develop a spatial modeling framework to identify the optimal locations of battery pack dismantling hubs and recycling processing facilities in Canada and quantify the environmental and economic impacts of the supporting infrastructure network for electric vehicle lithium-ion battery end-of-life management. The model integrates the geographic information system, material flow analysis for estimating the availability of spent battery stocks, and the life cycle assessment approach to assess the environmental impact. To minimize the costs and greenhouse gas emission intensity, three regional recycling clusters, including dismantling hubs, recycling processing, and scrap metal smelting facilities, were identified. These three clusters will have the capacity to satisfy the annual flow of disposed batteries. The Quebec–Maritimes cluster presents the lowest payload distance, life-cycle carbon footprint, and truck transportation costs than the Ontario and British Columbia–Prairies clusters. Access to end-of-life batteries not only makes the battery supply chain circular, but also provides incentives for establishing recycling facilities. The average costs and carbon intensity of recycled cathode raw materials are CAD 1.29/kg of the spent battery pack and 0.7 kg CO2e/kg of the spent battery pack, respectively, which were estimated based on the optimization of the transportation distances.
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Many studies have investigated the 'closed loop' supply chain.
“Since one of the advantages of mineral supply chains is their ability to be reused in the supply chain, many studies have investigated the 'closed loop' supply chain [84-90].”
From Lithium Supply Chain Optimization: A Global Analysis of Critical Minerals for Batteries (2024) · cites this paper as [88]
The Introduction (p. 2) describes several studies of end-of-life battery recycling networks and reverse supply chains, supporting the claim that this area has been studied. It does not establish that many studies investigated closed-loop supply chains specifically; Further Work (p. 20) presents a closed-loop approach as a possible extension of this paper's model. (LLM, conf=0.79)
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Lithium Supply Chain Optimization: A Global Analysis of Critical Minerals for Batteries
Jones, E. C. (2024) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en17112685 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
- Authors
- Gonzales-Calienes, G., Yu, B., & Bensebaa, F.
- Affiliations
- Energy, Mining and Environment Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
- National Research Council Canada (CA)
- Venue
- Sustainability
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-11-18
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 22
- Pages
- 15321
- ISSN
- 2071-1050 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4309284817
- Cited by
- 50
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 5
- FWCI
- 3.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sustainability (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- NPARC (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Extraction and Separation Processes
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Sustainable Supply Chain Management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Recycling and Waste Management Techniques
- Keywords
- reverse logistics, lithium-ion battery recycling, electric vehicle batteries, end-of-life battery management, spatial modeling, material flow analysis, life cycle assessment, carbon footprint, transportation costs, circular supply chains, battery repurposing, Canada
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