An Overview of Potential Natural Photosensitizers in Cancer Photodynamic Therapy
Open accessAbstract
Cancer is one of the main causes of death worldwide. There are several different types of cancer recognized thus far, which can be treated by different approaches including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy or a combination thereof. However, these approaches have certain drawbacks and limitations. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is regarded as an alternative noninvasive approach for cancer treatment based on the generation of toxic oxygen (known as reactive oxygen species (ROS)) at the treatment site. PDT requires photoactivation by a photosensitizer (PS) at a specific wavelength (λ) of light in the vicinity of molecular oxygen (singlet oxygen). The cell death mechanisms adopted in PDT upon PS photoactivation are necrosis, apoptosis and stimulation of the immune system. Over the past few decades, the use of natural compounds as a photoactive agent for the selective eradication of neoplastic lesions has attracted researchers’ attention. Many reviews have focused on the PS cell death mode of action and photonanomedicine approaches for PDT, while limited attention has been paid to the photoactivation of phytocompounds. Photoactivation is ever-present in nature and also found in natural plant compounds. The availability of various laser light setups can play a vital role in the discovery of photoactive phytocompounds that can be used as a natural PS. Exploring phytocompounds for their photoactive properties could reveal novel natural compounds that can be used as a PS in future pharmaceutical research. In this review, we highlight the current research regarding several photoactive phytocompound classes (furanocoumarins, alkaloids, poly-acetylenes and thiophenes, curcumins, flavonoids, anthraquinones, and natural extracts) and their photoactive potential to encourage researchers to focus on studies of natural agents and their use as a potent PS to enhance the efficiency of PDT.
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Natural photosensitizers demonstrate advantages over synthetic compounds including lower toxicity to healthy tissues, tissue specificity, broad spectrum of target pathogens, lower incidence of side effects, reduced dark toxicity, and potential to overcome antimicrobial resistance.
“Natural PSs, as opposed to synthetic compounds, demonstrate several advantages including lower toxicity to healthy tissues, tissue specificity, a broad spectrum of target pathogens, a lower incidence of side effects, reduced dark toxicity, and the potential to overcome antimicrobial resistance [132,136].”
From Emerging Applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. (2023) · cites this paper as [132]
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- Authors
- Aziz, B., Aziz, I., Khurshid, A., Raoufi, E., Esfahani, F. N., Jalilian, Z., Mozafari, M. R., Taghavi, E., & Ikram, M.
- Affiliations
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PK)
- National Metrology Institute of Pakistan (PK)
- Monash University (AU)
- Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (MY)
- Corresponding author
- Mozafari, M. R.
- Venue
- Biomedicines
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-01-16
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 224
- ISSN
- 2227-9059 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9855789
- OpenAlex
- W4316468476
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 137
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 13
- FWCI
- 3.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biomedicines (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Photodynamic Therapy Research Studies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Bioactive Compounds and Antitumor Agents
- Keywords
- photodynamic therapy, photosensitizers, natural photosensitizers, phytochemicals, reactive oxygen species, singlet oxygen, cancer therapy, furocoumarins, alkaloids, polyacetylene, thiophene, curcumin, flavonoids, anthraquinones, plant extracts, cell death mechanisms, apoptosis, necrosis, immunostimulation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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