Ethanolic Extract of Salvia officinalis Leaves Affects Viability, Survival, Migration, and the Formation and Growth of 3D Cultures of the Tumourigenic Murine HPV-16+-Related Cancer Cell Line
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Salvia officinalis (SO) is one of the most widely used plants in traditional medicine worldwide. In the present study, the effect of an ethanolic extract of S. officinalis leaves on hallmarks of cancer of HPV-16-positive cancer tumorigenic cells, TC-1, was analyzed in vitro. Phytochemical and spectroscopic analysis were performed. Additionally, the extract’s flavonoid content, reducing iron, and antioxidant capacity were determined. In regard to the in vitro tests, the cytotoxic activity and its effect on the replicative capacity and on the cell migration of TC-1 cells were analyzed by viability and clonogenic, survival, and wound healing assays. The effect of a pre-treatment or treatment on 3D culture formation, growth, and reversion capacity was also examined. The results of the phytochemical analysis allowed the detection of tannins, saponins, steroids, and flavonoids. The flavonoids content was found to be 153.40 ± 10.68 µg/mg of extract. Additionally, the extract exhibited an antioxidant capacity and a ferric-reducing capacity of around 40% compared to the ascorbic acid. Thin layer chromatographic (TLC) analysis and spectroscopic tests showed the presence of compounds similar to quercetin and catechin flavonoids in the extract. In the in vitro assays, the SO extract induced in a concentration-dependent way changes in cell morphology, the decrease of cell viability, survival, and migration. At a concentration of 125 µg/mL, the extract inhibited spheroid formation, reduced their growth, and affected their reversion to 2D. Ethanolic extract of S. officinalis leaves had inhibitory effects on hallmarks of the cancer line HPV-16+. This suggests that the phytochemicals present in it may be a source of chemotherapeutics against cervical cancer.
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The higher flavonoid content observed in the North and South Zones may be linked to their antioxidant activity, as reflected by the TAC and DPPH results.
“This could help explain the higher flavonoid content observed in these regions, which may be linked to their antioxidant activity, as reflected by the TAC and DPPH results [32,33,34].”
From Comparative Analysis of Infusions and Ethanolic Extracts of Annona muricata Leaves from Colima, Mexico: Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity (2024) · cites this paper as [34]
Results §3.1 reports both flavonoids and antioxidant capacity in a Salvia officinalis leaf extract, and the Discussion notes that flavonoids can affect ROS-scavenging activity. The paper does not compare North and South Zones or report DPPH results, so it cannot substantiate the claimed regional pattern or both named assays (page numbers unavailable in our copy). (LLM, conf=0.83)
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Self-citationPharmacological properties of Salvia officinalis in the management of oral squamous cell carcinoma
Saxena, P., Haque, M. M. U., Mishra, N., & Singh, M. (2026) · Medicinal Plants - International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related Industries · doi:10.5958/0975-6892.2026.00063.8
- Authors
- Hernández-Rangel, A. E., Cabrera-Licona, A., Hernandez-Fuentes, G. A., Beas-Guzmán, O. F., Martínez-Martínez, F. J., Alcalá-Pérez, M. A., Montes-Galindo, D. A., Rodriguez-Sanchez, I. P., Martinez-Fierro, M. L., Casarez-Price, J. C., De-Leon-Zaragoza, L., Garza-Veloz, I., & Delgado-Enciso, I.
- Affiliations
- Universidad de Colima (MX)
- Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28085, Mexico
- School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Colima, Coquimatlan 28400, Mexico
- Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas "Francisco García Salinas" (MX)
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (MX)
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biomedicines
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2024-08-08
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1804
- ISSN
- 2227-9059 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11351782
- OpenAlex
- W4401414835
- Cited by
- 7
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2
- FWCI
- 1.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biomedicines (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Council of Humanities, Sciences and Technologies (CONAHCYT, Mexico) (PRONAII-2024-117)
- CONAHCYT, Mexico (PRONAII-2024-117)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Medicinal Plant Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Phytochemical Studies and Bioactivities
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Medicinal Plant Extracts Effects
- Keywords
- Salvia officinalis, ethanolic leaf extract, HPV16, TC-1 cells, cervical cancer, cancer hallmarks, cytotoxicity, cell migration, 3D spheroid formation, flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, quercetin, catechins, phytochemicals, anticancer agents
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