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Cited by 58Stroke Rehabilitation and RecoverySpatial Neglect and Hemispheric DysfunctionMotor Control and Adaptation

An overview of the body schema and body image: theoretical models, methodological settings and pitfalls for rehabilitation of persons with neurological disorders

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Sattin, Davide, Parma, Chiara, Lunetta, Christian, Zulueta, Aida, Lanzone, Jacopo, Giani, Luca, Vassallo, Marta, Picozzi, Mario +1 more·2023·Brain Sciences
DOI 10.3390/brainsci13101410PMC PMC10605253
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Abstract

Given the widespread debate on the definition of the terms “Body Schema” and “Body Image”, this article presents a broad overview of the studies that have investigated the nature of these types of body representations, especially focusing on the innovative information about these two representations that could be useful for the rehabilitation of patients with different neurological disorders with motor deficits (especially those affecting the upper limbs). In particular, we analyzed (i) the different definitions and explicative models proposed, (ii) the empirical settings used to test them and (iii) the clinical and rehabilitative implications derived from the application of interventions on specific case reports. The growing number of neurological diseases with motor impairment in the general population has required the development of new rehabilitation techniques and a new phenomenological paradigm placing body schema as fundamental and intrinsic parts for action in space. In this narrative review, the focus was placed on evidence from the application of innovative rehabilitation techniques and case reports involving the upper limbs, as body parts particularly involved in finalistic voluntary actions in everyday life, discussing body representations and their functional role.

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  • AR-based feedback may be an effective means of motor learning and performance.

    “The increasing amount of evidence implies that AR-based feedback may prove an effective means of motor learning and performance (AL-Sinani and Al Taher, 2023; Sattin et al., 2023; Diamond, 2012).”

    From Real-time feedback enhances motor learning and motivation in youth team sports through augmented reality tools (2025) · cites this paper as Sattin et al., 2023

    The Discussion (section 8; page unavailable) says visual and proprioceptive feedback influence motor control. Section 6.3 discusses augmented reality as a possible therapy for body integrity identity disorder symptoms, but does not connect AR-based feedback to improved motor learning or performance. (LLM, conf=0.76)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Sattin, D., Parma, C., Lunetta, C., Zulueta, A., Lanzone, J., Giani, L., Vassallo, M., Picozzi, M., & Parati, E. A.
Affiliations
  • Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri (IT)
  • Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Labion, Via Camaldoli 64, 20138 Milan, Italy
  • University of Insubria (IT)
Corresponding author
Parma, Chiara
ORCID
Venue
Brain Sciences
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-10-04
Volume
13
Issue
10
Pages
1410
ISSN
2076-3425 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/brainsci13101410
PMC
PMC10605253
OpenAlex
W4387342070
Cited by
58
References
14
Citations by year
2026: 18 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 16
FWCI
1.85
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Brain Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • IrInSubria (University of Insubria) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Spatial Neglect and Hemispheric Dysfunction
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
Keywords
body schema, body image, representation of the body, neurological disorders, motor impairment, upper limb rehabilitation, rehabilitation strategies, phenomenological paradigm

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