Cited by 174Cancer, Hypoxia, and MetabolismMetabolism, Diabetes, and CancerCancer and biochemical research

Tumor Energy Metabolism and Potential of 3-Bromopyruvate as an Inhibitor of Aerobic Glycolysis: Implications in Tumor Treatment

Open access
Fan, Tengjiao, Sun, Guohui, Sun, Xiaodong, Zhao, Lijiao, Zhong, Rugang, Peng, Yongzhen·2019·Cancers

Abstract

Tumor formation and growth depend on various biological metabolism processes that are distinctly different with normal tissues. Abnormal energy metabolism is one of the typical characteristics of tumors. It has been proven that most tumor cells highly rely on aerobic glycolysis to obtain energy rather than mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) even in the presence of oxygen, a phenomenon called “Warburg effect”. Thus, inhibition of aerobic glycolysis becomes an attractive strategy to specifically kill tumor cells, while normal cells remain unaffected. In recent years, a small molecule alkylating agent, 3-bromopyruvate (3-BrPA), being an effective glycolytic inhibitor, has shown great potential as a promising antitumor drug. Not only it targets glycolysis process, but also inhibits mitochondrial OXPHOS in tumor cells. Excellent antitumor effects of 3-BrPA were observed in cultured cells and tumor-bearing animal models. In this review, we described the energy metabolic pathways of tumor cells, mechanism of action and cellular targets of 3-BrPA, antitumor effects, and the underlying mechanism of 3-BrPA alone or in combination with other antitumor drugs (e.g., cisplatin, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, etc.) in vitro and in vivo. In addition, few human case studies of 3-BrPA were also involved. Finally, the novel chemotherapeutic strategies of 3-BrPA, including wafer, liposomal nanoparticle, aerosol, and conjugate formulations, were also discussed for future clinical application.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/cancers11030317

Cites

133 of 133 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

4 of the 137 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Fan, T., Sun, G., Sun, X., Zhao, L., Zhong, R., & Peng, Y.
Affiliations
Beijing University of Technology (CN)
Corresponding author
Sun, Guohui
Venue
Cancers
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2019-03-06
Volume
11
Issue
3
Pages
317
ISSN
2072-6694 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2920277785
Cited by
171
References
137
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 10
FWCI
2.23
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Cancers (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Beijing Natural Science Foundation (7184192, 7162015)
  • Natural Science Foundation of China (21778011)
  • China Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project (No. 2017M620567)
  • Beijing Postdoctoral Research Foundation (No. 2018-ZZ-022)
  • Chaoyang District Postdoctoral Research Foundation (No. 2018ZZ-01-25)
  • the Great Wall scholars program of Beijing Municipal Education Commission (No. CIT&TCD20180308)
  • Education Commission Science and Technology Project of Beijing Municipality (No. PXM2015_014204_500175)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cancer and biochemical research
Keywords
3-bromopyruvate, aerobic glycolysis, Warburg effect, tumor energy metabolism, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis inhibitors, anticancer agents, combination chemotherapy, drug formulation, liposomal nanoparticles, aerosol drug delivery, alkylating agents

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review