The metabolism of tumors in the body
Open accessAbstract
In this contribution we discuss the question of whether tumor cells in living animals can be killed off through lack of energy, and the related question of how the tumors are supplied with oxygen and glucose in the body.We assume it is understood that tumor cells obtain the energy required for their existence in two ways: by respiration and by fermentation.In respiration they burn organic materials to carbon dioxide and water; in fermentation they split glucose to lactic acid.All tumors so far tested behave fundamentally alike.There is no essential difference between the cancer cells of transplanted rat tumors and spontaneous tumors, sarcoma and carcinoma cells, and the tar carcinoma, and Rous sarcoma produced by filtrate.The fermentation of tumors was first found with cut pieces of tumor in vitro.I C. and G. Cori 2 demonstrated it in living animals as well.They determined the glucose and lactic acid in the axillary veins of hens having in one wing a Rous sarcoma, and found in 100 cc. of blood 23 mg.less glucose and 16 rag.more lactic acid on the tumor side than on the normal side.A corresponding experiment with a human fore-arm tumor showed in 100 cc. of blood 12 rag.less glucose and 9 rag.more lactic acid on the tumor side.In experiments on the nourishment of tumors through the blood stream, we, like Cori, determined the glucose and lactic acid in tumor veins.Our procedure differed from Cori's in that we compared tumor veins and arteries, not tumor veins and corresponding normal veins.Our differences were greater than Cori's because we went closer to 1
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The Warburg effect is the reliance of cancer cells on aerobic glycolysis even under normoxia.
“The Warburg effect, commonly observed characteristic of many cancer types, is identified as the reliance of cancer cells on aerobic glycolysis even under normoxia.”
From Tumor microenvironment derived exosomes pleiotropically modulate cancer cell metabolism (2016) · cites this paper as Warburg et al., 1927
The Warburg effect leads to diversion of glucose to lactate, creating low pH conditions that modulate TME.
“This leads to diversion of glucose to lactate thereby creating low pH conditions which modulates TME (Warburg et al., 1927; Gatenby et al., 2006; Salimian Rizi et al., 2015).”
From Tumor microenvironment derived exosomes pleiotropically modulate cancer cell metabolism (2016) · cites this paper as Warburg et al., 1927
Markedly increased glucose consumption by tumors compared to non-proliferating normal tissues was first described by Warburg.
“A markedly increased consumption of glucose by tumors in comparison to the non-proliferating normal tissues was first described more than 90 years ago by the German physiologist Otto Warburg”
From The emerging hallmarks of cancer metabolism (2016) · cites this paper as Warburg et al., 1927
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“Decades of research has also focused around Warburg’s report of increased glycolysis and lactate excretion in the presence of oxygen in tumor cells, now known as the Warburg effect [5].”
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- Authors
- Warburg, O., Wind, F., & Negelein, E.
- Affiliations
- From the Kaiser Wilhelm Institut für Biologie, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany.
- Venue
- Journal of General Physiology
- Publisher
- Rockefeller University Press
- Published
- 1927-03-07
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 519-530
- ISSN
- 0022-1295 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-7748
- PMC
- PMC2140820
- OpenAlex
- W2102322990
- Cited by
- 4,416
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 218 · 2025: 343 · 2024: 401 · 2023: 394 · 2022: 406 · 2021: 431 · 2020: 388 · 2019: 324 · 2018: 272 · 2017: 229 · 2016: 224 · 2015: 157 · 2014: 170 · 2013: 128 · 2012: 103
- FWCI
- 0.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of General Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cancer and biochemical research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Keywords
- cancer metabolism, tumor respiration, glucose metabolism, lactic acid, tumor oxygenation, tumor blood supply, Rous sarcoma, sarcoma, carcinoma, transplantable tumors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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