The DOI matches its Crossref record; 188 of the 199 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Role of Macrophages in Cancer Development and Therapy
Open accessAbstract
Macrophages are critical mediators of tissue homeostasis and influence various aspects of immunity. Tumor-associated macrophages are one of the main cellular components of the tumor microenvironment. Depending on their activation status, macrophages can exert a dual influence on tumorigenesis by either antagonizing the cytotoxic activity of immune cells or, less frequently, by enhancing antitumor responses. In most situations, TAMs suppress T cell recruitment and function or regulate other aspects of tumor immunity. The importance of TAMs targeting in cancer therapy is derived from the strong association between the high infiltration of TAMs in the tumor tissue with poor patient prognosis. Several macrophage-targeting approaches in anticancer therapy are developed, including TAM depletion, inhibition of new TAM differentiation, or re-education of TAM activation for cancer cell phagocytosis. In this review, we will describe the role of TAMs in tumor development, including such aspects as protumorigenic inflammation, immune suppression, neoangiogenesis, and enhancement of tissue invasion and distant metastasis. Furthermore, we will discuss therapeutic approaches that aim to deplete TAMs or, on the contrary, re-educate TAMs for cancer cell phagocytosis and antitumor immunity.
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“Tumor-derived cues generally favor M2 polarization, resulting in the secretion of cytokines such as IL-4, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNFα. These cytokines support tumor growth by enhancing cellular proliferation, remodeling the ECM, and inhibiting effector T-cell responses. Thus, TAMs serve as both immunological suppressors and facilitators of malignant progression [70,71].”
From Modeling Tumor Microenvironment Complexity In Vitro: Spheroids as Physiologically Relevant Tumor Models and Strategies for Their Analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [70]
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Tumor-associated macrophages: an effective player of the tumor microenvironment
Basak, U., Sarkar, T., Mukherjee, S., Chakraborty, S., Dutta, A., Dutta, S., Nayak, D., Kaushik, S., Das, T., & Sa, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1295257 · Cited by 356
Kundu, M., Butti, R., Panda, V. K., Malhotra, D., Das, S., Mitra, T., Kapse, P., Gosavi, S., & Kundu, G. C. (2024) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-024-01990-4 · Cited by 284
The role of tumor-associated macrophages in tumor immune evasion
Huang, R., Kang, T., & Chen, S. (2024) · Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s00432-024-05777-4 · Cited by 230
Roles of macrophages on ulcerative colitis and colitis-associated colorectal cancer
Zhang, M., Li, X., Zhang, Q., Yang, J., & Liu, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1103617 · Cited by 205
Sas, Z., Cendrowicz, E., Weinhäuser, I., & Rygiel, T. P. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23073778 · Cited by 184
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Cendrowicz, E., Sas, Z., Bremer, E., & Rygiel, T. P.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Medical University of Warsaw (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Rygiel, Tomasz P.
- Venue
- Cancers
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-04-18
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1946
- ISSN
- 2072-6694 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8073377
- OpenAlex
- W3156547118
- Cited by
- 332
- References
- 199
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 106 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 11
- FWCI
- 5.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cancers (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej (TEAM TECH/2016-1/8)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Phagocytosis and Immune Regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Stress, Anesthesia, and Immune Response
- Keywords
- tumor-associated macrophages, tumor microenvironment, TAM depletion, TAM reprogramming, tumor immunosuppression, neoangiogenesis, metastasis, antitumor immunity, T cell recruitment
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