Clinical Symptomatology of Anxiety and Family Function in Adolescents—The Self-Esteem Mediator
Open accessAbstract
Background: Family, the child’s first environment, shapes their psycho-emotional balance. The literature links adolescent anxiety to family relationships, interactions, and dynamics. The self-esteem of adolescents appears to protect their mental health. Goal: This study examines whether family cohesion and adaptability affect adolescent anxiety symptoms. It also examines whether teen self-esteem mediates this relationship. Method: This cross-sectional, descriptive study included 166 Attica youth aged 12–18 from schools and educational units. The adolescents completed Olson’s FACES-III cohesion and adaptability scale, Spielberger’s STAI-C, Rosenberg’s self-esteem scale, and a socio-demographic questionnaire. Results: Family cohesion, but not adaptability, was negatively correlated with state (rho = −0.25, p = 0.001) and trait (rho = −0.46, p < 0.001) anxiety in the adolescents. Teenagers from extreme families with the lowest cohesion and adaptability had higher trait anxiety (x2(2) = 6.91, p = 0.032) than those from moderately balanced/balanced families. Self-esteem mediated the relationship between the family cohesion functioning and adolescent’s state anxiety (p = 0.005) and trait anxiety (p = 0.011). Conclusions: The findings show that family dysfunction negatively impacts adolescent anxiety, as well as their self-esteem, which protects mental balance.
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Diagnostic assessments of PTSD in younger populations face unique challenges, including difficulties in defining traumatic events, cognitive limitations, and reluctance to discuss trauma.
“Diagnostic assessments of PTSD in younger populations also face unique challenges, including difficulties in defining what constitutes a traumatic event for this demographic, cognitive limitations that impede the expressive capability regarding their experiences, and a general reluctance to discuss traumatic events due to fear or avoidance tendencies [58].”
From Clinical Efficacy of Psychotherapeutic Interventions for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Analysis. (2024) · cites this paper as [58]
The Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria section discusses whether adolescents could complete the study’s questionnaires, and the Discussion addresses adolescent anxiety, but neither addresses PTSD diagnosis. Searches for PTSD assessment and for difficulty defining or discussing traumatic events found no passage supporting the claimed diagnostic challenges; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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Determinantes sociais da saúde que permeiam o sofrimento mental de adolescentes escolares
Silva, L., Martins, S. S., Rézio, L. D. A., de Oliveira, P. R., & Bittencourt, M. N. (2026) · Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/0034-7167-2025-0281pt
Social determinants of health that permeate adolescent students’ mental distress
Silva, L., Martins, S. S., Rézio, L. D. A., de Oliveira, P. R., & Bittencourt, M. N. (2026) · Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/0034-7167-2025-0281
- Authors
- Farmakopoulou, I., Lekka, M., & Gkintoni, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Patras (GR)
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- General University Hospital of Patras (GR)
- Corresponding author
- Gkintoni, Evgenia
- Venue
- Children
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2024-03-12
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 338
- ISSN
- 2227-9067 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10969624
- OpenAlex
- W4392694785
- Cited by
- 28
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 7
- FWCI
- 14.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Children (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Research Council of the University of Patras, Greece
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Psychosocial Factors Impacting Youth
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
- Keywords
- adolescent anxiety, family cohesion, family adaptability, self-esteem, mediation, state anxiety, trait anxiety, family functioning, family dysfunction, FACES III, Greek adolescents
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